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Phylogenetic position of the Amazonian nurse frog Allobates gasconi (Morales 2002) revealed by topotypical data

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Abstract

Taxonomic uncertainty at the species level compromises our knowledge of biodiversity, conservation, and systematics. The impact of such uncertainty is heightened in megadiverse regions such as Amazonia due to high levels of cryptic diversity. We used integrative taxonomy based on newly collected topotypical specimens to redescribe the Amazonian nurse frog Allobates gasconi and infer its phylogenetic relationships. This species was described in 2002 based solely on morphology, but several characters crucial for the reliable diagnosis of species in Allobates were not considered. Our results show that A. gasconi sensu stricto is not a member of the A. caeruleodactylus clade as previously claimed, but is a member of the A. trilineatus clade. Allobates gasconi is readily distinguished from congeners by a combination of morphological and bioacoustic characters; a revised diagnosis is provided. The type series of A. gasconi comprises more than one species, and we exclude a paratype from lower Juruá River. The species is restricted geographically to flooded environments in the middle and upper Juruá River in Brazil and in the Ucayali River in Peru. The initial misidentification, subsequent absence of topotypic molecular and acoustic data, and the poor preservation condition of the type series have contributed to taxonomic confusion since A. gasconi was first described. The descriptions of other species of Allobates published more than two decades ago were based mainly on gross morphology, and we recommend integrative taxonomic revisions to elucidate their systematics.

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All new DNA sequences and call recordings have been deposited in public repositories.

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Acknowledgements

We thank several local assistants for their practical help in the field. We are grateful for Lúcio H. Costa, pilot of the boat ‘Nadia’ for his dedication and good humor during the expedition. Collection permit No. 1337-1 was granted to A.P.L. by ICMBio.

Funding

This study was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas–FAPEAM (UNIVERSAL, Edital 002/2018, proc. No. 062.00187/2019; and BIODIVERSA Edital 007/2021, proc. 001760.2021-00), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (UNIVERSAL CNPq, edital 01/2016, proc. 401120/2016-3) and the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology. Anthony S. Ferreira received a Postdoctoral fellowship from CNPq (proc. No. 166341/2020-7). Miquéias Ferrão received an Edward O. Wilson Biodiversity Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology and a fellowship from the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies of Harvard University. William E. Magnusson received a productivity grant from CNPq.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

    Anthony S. Ferreira, Antonio S. Cunha-Machado, William E. Magnusson & Albertina P. Lima

  2. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

    Miquéias Ferrão & James Hanken

  3. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

    Miquéias Ferrão

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  1. Anthony S. Ferreira
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  2. Miquéias Ferrão
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  3. Antonio S. Cunha-Machado
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  4. William E. Magnusson
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  5. James Hanken
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  6. Albertina P. Lima
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Contributions

ASF, MF, and APL planned and organized the field expedition, conducted the specimen collection, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft. MF and APL were also involved in obtaining funding. Antonio S. Cunha-Machado performed molecular data acquisition, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft. WEM participated in data acquisition, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft. JH prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anthony S. Ferreira.

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Experiments have been conducted in accordance with relevant national legislation on the use of animals for research.

Conflict of interest

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Appendix

Appendix

Specimens examined

Allobates bacurau. Adults. BRAZIL: AMAZONAS: Estrada do Miriti, Manicoré: INPA-H 35398 (holotype), 35397, 35399–35409 (paratypes).

Allobates caldwellae. Adults. BRAZIL: AMAZONAS: Careiro: RAPELD M1 at km 32 of the BR-319 Highway: INPA-H 41047 (holotype), 41045–41046, 41049–41053, 41055–41057, 41059, 41061, 41063, 41067–41069 (paratopotypes); km 12 of the BR-319 Highway. INPA-H 41054, 41058, 41064, 41066 (paratypes); RAPELD M2, at km 100 of the BR-319 Highway: INPA-H 41048, 41060, 41062, 41065 (paratypes).

Allobates femoralis. Adults. BRAZIL: PARÁ: Treviso: INPA-H 11657–11671, 15232, 30769–30778; Itaituba: INPA-H 26342–26354.

Allobates fuscellus. Adults. BRAZIL: AMAZONAS: Ipixúna: Penedo, east bank of Juruá River: INPA-H 2532 (holotype), 2531 (paratopotype). Itamarati: Jainú, Juruá River: INPA-H 3114, 3250, 3270, 3514 (paratypes).

Allobates hodli. Adults. BRAZIL: ACRE: Fazenda Experimental Catuaba: INPA-H 11621–11640 (paratypes); RONDÔNIA: Cachoeira do Jirau: INPA-H 16555 (holotype), 16541–16554, 16556–16569 (paratopotypes); Near Fortaleza do Abunã: INPA-H 16578, 16584–16587, 16589, 16591–92, 16597, 16602–03, 16605–16607, 16611–16614, 16620–16624, 16626, 16628, 16631, 16633, 16636–37, 16639–16641, 16643, 16645–46, 16648; Near Mutum-Paraná: INPA-H 16596, 16730, 16739, 16756, 16758, 16767, 16771, 16777–78, 16788, 16805, 16818–19 (paratypes). Tadpoles. BRAZIL: RONDÔNIA: Abunã: INPA-H 23693.

Allobates marchesianus. Adults. BRAZIL: AMAZONAS: Missão Taracuá: INPA-H 7959–7990 (topotypes); São Gabriel da Cachoeira, 175 km E Missão Taracuá: INPA-H 7991, 7993, 8000–8007. Tadpoles. BRAZIL: AMAZONAS: Missão Taracuá: INPA-H 7943–7950, 7992, 7998, 8084 (topotypes).

Allobates nidicola. Adults. BRAZIL: AMAZONAS: km 12 on road to Autazes: INPA-H 8093 (holotype), 7253–7259, 7261, 7262, 8094 (paratypes), INPA-H 28122, 28124, 28127, 28129, 28131, 28144, 28159, 28163, 28166, 28169, 28171, 28172, 28174, 28179, 28184, 28185 (topotypes). Tadpoles. BRAZIL: AMAZONAS: km 12 of road to Autazes: INPA-H 8021–8033, 8137–8139.

Allobates paleovarzensis. Adults. BRAZIL: AMAZONAS: Careiro da Várzea: INPA-H 20904 (holotype), 20861–20903, 20905 (paratypes).

Allobates subfolionidificans. Adults. BRAZIL: ACRE: Parque Zoobotânico of Universidade Federal do Acre: INPA-H 13760 (holotype), 11958–11974, 13749–13754, 13756–13759, 13761–62 (paratypes). Tadpoles. BRAZIL: ACRE: Parque Zoobotânico of Universidade Federal do Acre: INPA-H 14822–23.

Allobates sumtuosus. Adults. BRAZIL: AMAZONAS: Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke: INPA-H 31949–31951; PARÁ: Reserva Biológica do Rio Trombetas: INPA-H 31952–56, 31958–60 (topotypes).

Allobates tinae. Adults. BRAZIL: ACRE: Boca do Acre: INPA-H 40976, 41022, 41027, 41037, 41040; RONDÔNIA: Porto Velho, west bank of upper Madeira River: INPA-H 41012–21, 41029–36, 41041–44.

Allobates velocicantus. Adults. BRAZIL: ACRE: Mâncio Lima: INPA-H 41342 (holotype), 41338–41341, 41343–41349 (paratopotypes); Cruzeiro do Sul: road connecting Cruzeiro do Sul to Guajará: INPA-H 41350 (paratype). Tadpoles: BRAZIL: ACRE: Mâncio Lima: INPA-H 41351.

Allobates vanzolinius. Adults. BRAZIL: AMAZONAS: Vai-Quem-Quer, Rio Juruá. INPA-H 4896 (holotype), 4903, 4904, 4905, 4912 (paratypes); Jainú, Rio Juruá. INPA-H 3381, 3413 (paratypes).

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Ferreira, A.S., Ferrão, M., Cunha-Machado, A.S. et al. Phylogenetic position of the Amazonian nurse frog Allobates gasconi (Morales 2002) revealed by topotypical data. Org Divers Evol 24, 99–118 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-023-00630-x

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