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Evolutionary body shape diversification of the endemic Cyprinoidei fishes from the Balkan’s Dinaric karst

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Abstract

A remarkable diversification of the freshwater ichthyofauna in the Peri-Mediterranean is an outstanding legacy of the complex paleogeographical and evolutionary history of southern Europe. The Dinaric karst on the Balkan Peninsula harbours endemic cyprinoid genera including Phoxinellus and Delminichthys (fam. Leuciscidae), an ancient monotypic genus Aulopyge (fam. Cyprinidae) and endemic species of the Dinaric Telestes, Squalius and Phoxinus genera (fam. Leuciscidae). In this study, evolutionary body shape changes of these endemic European cyprinoid were explored using a geometric morphometrics approach in a phylogenetic framework. By projecting phylogeny obtained from cyt b mtDNA sequences into a morphospace, a strong phylogenetic signal was found in fish body shape, but not in size. Principal component analysis on both uncorrected and size-corrected (allometry free) shape variables revealed that closely related species tend to be clustered in the same area of morphometric space implying that evolutionary allometry did not significantly influence morphological evolution. Therefore, body shape might be used as a reliable taxonomic trait and indicator of phylogenetic relationships. The observed phylogenetic signal in body shape suggests that phylogenetic constraint affects the pattern of shape variation. The phylogenetic comparative method in exploring the evolutionary trend in the body form of Dinaric cyprinoids has not yet been assessed, and our preliminary findings suggested that the body shape diversification proceeded predominantly in the head region and body depth. The diversification of the freshwater ichthyofauna supported by both molecular phylogeny and morphological evolution is mostly a consequence of the complex paleogeographical and evolutionary history of the Peri-Mediterranean area.

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Data availability

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. GenBank accession numbers for cyt b mtDNA gene sequences obtained in this study are OQ127476- OQ127503.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the anonymous reviewer for their constructive comments which improved the manuscript quality. Also, we would like to thank Dr Jerko Pavličević for the material collected at the Duvanjsko Polje.

Funding

This work was supported by The Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund (Project: “Conservation of endangered endemic fish Aulopyge huegelii: Assessing status and origin of the introduced population”; VM, JL, ML), the Rufford Foundation (Projects: “Population Structure and Vulnerability of the Threatened Fish Species Telestes metohiensis from Karstic Streams in Bosnia and Herzegovina” and “Species Boundary Identification of Endemic Cyprinid Telestes metohiensis Using DNA Taxonomy”; ML), the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (Grant No. 451-03-47/2023-01/200125; VM, JL) and the Ministry of Scientific and Technological Development, Higher Education and Information Society, Government of the Republic of Srpska (Grant No. 19/6-020/961 -60/18; ML, RD).

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  1. Faculty of Sciences, University of Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina

    Milica Lukač & Radoslav Dekić

  2. Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia

    Milica Lukač, Jasmina Ludoški & Vesna Milankov

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  1. Milica Lukač
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ML: Conceptualization; sample collection and preliminary species identification; data curation; formal analysis and investigation; writing, original draft; writing, review and editing. JL: Conceptualization; data curation; formal analysis and investigation; writing, original draft; writing, review and editing. RD: Sample collection and preliminary species identification; writing, review and editing; funding acquisition. VM: Conceptualization; data curation; writing, original draft; writing, review and editing; funding acquisition; supervision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jasmina Ludoški.

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Lukač, M., Ludoški, J., Dekić, R. et al. Evolutionary body shape diversification of the endemic Cyprinoidei fishes from the Balkan’s Dinaric karst. Org Divers Evol 23, 983–1004 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-023-00615-w

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