Abstract
Objectives
The practice quality of mindfulness is a key factor associated with the effects of mindfulness interventions, and it can be assessed using the Practice Quality–Mindfulness (PQ-M) questionnaire. The English-version PQ-M has been validated in Western countries. This study aimed to translate the PQ-M into Chinese and examine its cross-cultural validation.
Method
Study 1 involved 341 participants who completed the PQ-M after a brief mindfulness practice. The scale’s structure was determined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Study 2, a longitudinal study, included 180 participants who attended a 2-week mindfulness training course. Daily PQ-M assessments were conducted alongside measures of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) both at pre- and post-intervention. Convergent and predictive validities were assessed using Pearson’s r-test and linear mixed models (LMMs).
Results
The 2-factor structure (Attention and Receptivity) of the Chinese-version PQ-M was verified through Study 1. Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega of the subscales were above 0.70. In Study 2, significant positive correlations were found between Attention and all FFMQ subscales (r = 0.18 to 0.33, p < 0.05), except Nonjudging, whereas Receptivity correlated significantly only with Nonjudging (r = 0.22 to 0.31, p < 0.05). LMM demonstrated the fixed effects of Attention and Receptivity on FFMQ and DASS scores throughout the intervention.
Conclusions
The Chinese-version PQ-M demonstrates reliability and validity. This study highlights the correlation between improvements in mindfulness and psychological health during mindfulness interventions and the quality of mindfulness practice.
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Data Availability
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Funding
The project was supported by Basic Public Welfare Research Program of Zhejiang Province No. GF21C090006 and Lu’s Graduate Education International Exchange Fund of Zhejiang University.
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Contributions
Yanping Wei: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing. Wentao Xiao: data collection, investigation. Fangfang Chi: data collection, investigation. Limin Sun: data collection. Yifei Xu: data collection. Qing Zhong: writing—review and Editing. Jiang Xue: writing—review and editing. Shulin Chen: conceptualization, writing—review and editing, supervision, funding acquisition.
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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the ethics committee of the Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences at Zhejiang University (2022 Ethics No. 074).
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Wei, Y., Xiao, W., Chi, F. et al. The Assessment of Practice Quality–Mindfulness (PQ-M): Translation and Psychometric Properties in Chinese Population. Mindfulness (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-024-02347-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-024-02347-0