Abstract
Background
Mindfulness based interventions (MBI) are becoming increasingly popular. Given their nature (i.e., training of focused attention and cognitive control), efforts have been made to study their potential benefits to different aspects of cognition, resulting in mixed results. In light of the inconsistent findings, concerns regarding the methodological quality of such studies, and recent surge in randomized controlled trials of mindfulness interventions, we conducted a meta-analysis focused on MBIs effects on attention, working-memory and executive control in healthy adults.
Methods
We limited the included studies to randomized controlled trials of mindfulness-based interventions in healthy adults, resulting in 27 included studies (N = 1632).
Results
We found an overall effect of g = 0.2, with significant effects on attention (g = 0.18) and executive control (g = 0.18), but not on working-memory. Moderation analyses showed that the type of control group included in the study or the dosage (total hours of intervention) did not modulate these effects, but the number of in-class sessions did: the more sessions, the stronger the effect.
Conclusions
MBIs have limited positive effects on attention and executive control in healthy adults. More studies are needed to address how participants’ motivation may account for this effect, and clarify whether the smaller effects we found are due to our focus on healthy adults, or due to overestimation of effect sizes in previous meta-analyses.
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Notes
Initial search was conducted on August 20th, 2019. We conducted a second search using the same search strategy on May 1st, 2020 which did not result in the addition of new records.
Note that this definition of an active control group is different than it is in clinical settings (i.e., a control condition which involves a comparable active treatment).
We followed the formal guidelines, with the exception that the suggested 95% sample cutoff was reduced to 90%.
Note, however, that the low heterogeneity does not mean that there is no difference between the three cognition domains, as the effect sizes were aggregated per study (i.e., over all available tasks).
When assessing the total sample, Cásedas and colleagues (k = 16) and the present work (k = 27) share only six studies in common. Some studies included in Cásedas and colleagues were excluded from the present work due to the inclusion of an older population (k = 2), a clinical population (k = 4), or the use of a non RCT design (k = 1). Finally, studies were not included if they compared different components of MBIs in different groups (thus, not adhering to the operationalization of MBIs we adopted; k = 3). While we cannot attest to the specific reasons studies included in our work were not excluded from Cásedas and colleagues, we can assume that two were excluded because they were Ph.D. dissertations, while many other studies we included were possibly published after the initial search was conducted (eight of our included studies were published during or after 2018).
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OY: Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft preperation. JD: Writing—review & editing, Data-curation. DS: Writing—review & editing, Validation.
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Yakobi, O., Smilek, D. & Danckert, J. The Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Attention, Executive Control and Working Memory in Healthy Adults: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Cogn Ther Res 45, 543–560 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10177-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10177-2