Psychometric Properties of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire in Moderate-to-Severe, Persistent Depression

Sweeney, Timothy; Morriss, Richard; Nixon, Elena; Guo, Boliang; Callaghan, Patrick

doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01573-6

ORIGINAL PAPER
Published: 18 January 2021

Psychometric Properties of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire in Moderate-to-Severe, Persistent Depression

Timothy Sweeney ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2591-7619¹,
Richard Morriss²,
Elena Nixon²,
Boliang Guo² &
Patrick Callaghan³

Mindfulness volume 12, pages 1009–1021 (2021)Cite this article

504 Accesses
6 Altmetric
Metrics details

Abstract

Objectives

Mindfulness has been increasingly incorporated into modern psychotherapies and healthcare services. The importance of psychometrically quantifying the construct of mindfulness has become paramount. One of the most reliable and valid instruments for the assessment of different aspects of dispositional mindfulness is the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). However, the psychometric properties of the FFMQ are yet to be tested in individuals with high levels of persistent depression. This study therefore investigated the psychometric properties of the FFMQ in a clinical sample with moderate-to-severe, persistent depression.

Methods

The data of 187 participants recruited from a funded randomised controlled trial were utilised. Internal consistency was assessed and construct validity was examined with confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and by statistically correlating the FFMQ to measures of depression, self-compassion, rumination and experiential avoidance.

Results

Findings supported the internal consistency of the FFMQ. CFA fit indices indicated that all correlated and hierarchical models fitted the data acceptably, with results slightly favouring the correlated model. Contrary to predictions however, individual facet loadings showed that the facet Observe loaded strongly onto an overarching factor of mindfulness, whilst Nonjudge loaded marginally. Nonjudge further showed a non-significant correlation with depression. However, exploratory post hoc analysis presented findings inconsistent with CFA.

Conclusions

In a sample of severely depressed individuals, psychometric investigation of the validity of the FFMQ highlighted contradictory findings relating to “Nonjudge”. Whilst such findings potentially challenge the validity of the FFMQ for use in its current structure in this sample, further investigation with a larger population is warranted.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01047124) and the ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN10963342)

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price includes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

References

Aguado, J., Luciano, J. V., Cebolla, A., Serrano-Blanco, A., Soler, J., & García-Campayo, J. (2015). Bifactor analysis and construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ) in non-clinical Spanish samples. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 404. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00404.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Google Scholar
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504.
Article Google Scholar
Baer, R., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., Walsh, E., Duggan, D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2008). Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and non-meditating samples. Assessment, 15(3), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107313003.
Article Google Scholar
Bargh, J. A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1994). Environmental control of goal directed action: automatic and strategic contingencies between situation and behaviour. In W. D. Spaulding (Ed.), Integrative Views of Motivation, Cognition and Emotion (pp. 71–124). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211399102.
Chapter Google Scholar
Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Hargus, E., Amarasinghe, M., Winder, R., & Williams, J. M. G. (2009). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as a treatment for chronic depression: a preliminary study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(5), 366–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.01.019.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J. E., & Erbaugh, J. K. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Steer, R., & Garbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck depression inventory: twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 77–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5.
Article Google Scholar
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indices in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Bishop, S. R. (2002). What do we really know about mindfulness-based stress reduction? Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200201000-00010.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Blatt, S. J., & Zuroff, D. C. (1992). Interpersonal relatedness and self-definition: two prototypes for depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 527–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(92)90070.
Article Google Scholar
Bohlmeijer, E., ten Klooster, P. M., Fledderus, M., Veehof, M., & Baer, R. A. (2011). Psychometric properties of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in depressed adults and development of a short form. Assessment, 18(3), 308–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191111408231.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Orcutt, H. K., Waltz, T., & Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire – II: a revised measure of psychological flexibility and acceptance. Behaviour Therapy, 42(4), 676–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007.
Article Google Scholar
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being in the present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822.
Article Google Scholar
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models. Newbury Park: Sage.
Google Scholar
Bucheld, N., Grossman, P., & Walach, H. (2001). Measuring mindfulness in insight meditation (Vipassana) and meditation-based psychotherapy: the development of the Freiburg mindfulness inventory (FMI). Journal of Meditation and Meditation Research, 1, 11–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.025.
Article Google Scholar
Carpenter, J., & Kenward, M. (2013). Multiple imputation and its application. Chichester: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.201300188.
Book Google Scholar
Carpenter, J. K., Conroy, K., Gomez, A. F., Curren, L. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2019). The relationship between trait mindfulness and affective symptoms: a meta-analysis of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Clinical Psychology Review, 101785. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504.
Cebolla, A., García-Palacios, A., Soler, A., Guillen, V., Baños, R., & Botella, C. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Spanish validation of the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). European Journal of Psychiatry, 26(2), 118–126. https://doi.org/10.4321/S0213-61632012000200005.
Article Google Scholar
Chen, F. F., Sousa, K. H., & West, S. G. (2005). Testing measurement invariance of second-order factor models. Structural Equation Modeling, 12, 471–492. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1203_7.
Article Google Scholar
Christopher, M. S., Nueser, N. J., Michael, P. G., & Baitmangalkar, A. (2012). Exploring the psychometric properties of the five facets mindfulness questionnaire. Mindfulness, 3, 124–131. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153073.
Article Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2^nd Edition). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Google Scholar
Curtiss, J., & Klemanski, D. H. (2014). Factor analysis of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in a heterogeneous clinical sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behaviour Assessment, 36, 683–694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-014-9429.
Article Google Scholar
de Bruin, E. L., Topper, M., Muskens, J. G. A. M., Bogels, S. M., & Kamphuis, J. H. (2012). Psychometric properties of the five facets mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ) in a meditating and a non-meditating sample. Assessment, 19(2), 187–197. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191112446654.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Dunkley, D. M., Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C. M., & McGlashan, T. H. (2009). Self-criticism versus neuroticism in predicting depression and psychosocial impairment for 4 years in a clinical sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50, 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.09.004.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Eisendrath, S. J., Delucchi, R. B., Fenimore, M. S., & McLane, M. (2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for treatment-resistant depression: a pilot study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 77, 319–320. https://doi.org/10.1159/000142525.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Frewen, P. A., Evans, E. M., Maraj, N., Dozois, D. J. A., & Partridge, K. (2008). Letting go: mindfulness and negative automatic thinking. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32(6), 758–774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-007-9142-1.
Article Google Scholar
Graham, J. W. (2003). Adding missing-data relevant variables to FIML-based structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 10, 80–100. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM1001_4.
Article Google Scholar
Griens, A. M. G. F., Jonker, K., Spinhoven, P., & Blom, M. B. J. (2002). The influence of depressive state features on trait measurement. Journal of Affective Disorders, 70, 95–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00371-2.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Guo, B., Aveyard, P., Fielding, A., & Sutton, S. (2009). The factor structure and factorial invariance for the decisional balance scale for adolescent smoking. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 158–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-008-9021-5.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Hagenaars, J. A., & McCutcheon, A. L. (2002). Applied latent class analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Book Google Scholar
Hamilton, M. (1960). Rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 23, 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: an experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.
Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., & Toarmino, D. (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: a preliminary test of a working model. The Psychological Record, 54, 553–578. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395492.
Article Google Scholar
Heeren, A. H., & Philippot, P. (2011). Changes in ruminative thinking mediate the clinical benefits of mindfulness: preliminary findings. Mindfulness, 2, 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-010-0037-y.
Article Google Scholar
Higgins, E. (1987). Self-discrepancy: a theory relating to self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319–340. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Hoenig, J. H., & Heisey, D. M. (2001). The abuse of power: the pervasive fallacy of power calculations for data analysis. The American Statistician, 55(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1198/000313001300339897.
Article Google Scholar
Hollyman, J. A., Freeling, P., Paykel, E. S., Bhat, A., & Sedgewick, P. (1988). Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of amitriptyline among depressed patients in general practice. Journal of Royal College of General Practitioners, 38, 393–397.
Google Scholar
Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.
Article Google Scholar
Hurley, A., Scandura, T., Schriesheim, C., Brannick, M., Seers, A., Vandenberg, R., & Williams, L. (1997). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: guidelines, issues, and alternatives. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 667–683. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199711)18:6<667::AID-JOB874>3.0.CO;2-T.
Article Google Scholar
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: how to cope with stress, pain and illness using mindfulness meditation. New York: Dell Publishing.
Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1993). A longitudinal twin study of personality and major depression in women. Archives of General of Psychiatry, 50, 853–862. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820230023002.
Article Google Scholar
Kenny, M. A., & Williams, J. M. G. (2006). Treatment-resistant depressed patients show a good response to Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(3), 617–625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.04.008.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Klein, M. H., Kupfer, D. J., & Shea, M. T. (1993). Personality and depression: a current view. New York: Guilford Press.
Google Scholar
Kline, P. (2000). The handbook of psychological testing (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Koole, S. L., Smeets, K., van Knippenberg, A., & Dijksterhuis, A. (1999). The cessation of rumination through self-affirmation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(1), 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.97.1.19.
Article Google Scholar
Kumar, S. (2002). An introduction to Buddhism for cognitive-behavioural therapists. Cognitive and behavioural practise, 9, 40–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1077-7229(02)80038-4.
Article Google Scholar
Kuyken, W., Hayes, R., Barrett, B., Byng, R., Dalgleish, T., Kessler, D., Lewis, G., Watkins, E., Brejcha, C., Cardy, J., Causley, A., Cowderoy, S., Evans, A., Gradinger, F., Kaur, S., Lanham, P., Marant, N., Richards, J., Shah, P., Sutton, H., Vicary, R., Weaver, A., Wilks, J., Williams, M., Taylor, R., & Byford, S. (2015). Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy compared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in the prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence (PREVENT): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62222-4.
Kuyken, W., Warren, F. C., Taylor, R. S., Whalley, B., Crane, C., Bondolfi, G., Hayes, R., Huijbers, M., Ma, H., Schweizer, S., Segal, Z., Speckens, A., Teasdale, J. D., Van Heeringen, K., Williams, J. M. G., Byford, S., Byng, R., & Dalgleish, T. (2016). Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in prevention of depressive relapse: an individual patient data meta-analysis from randomized trials. JAMA Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0076.
Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Allen, A. B., Adams, C. E., & Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 887–904. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887.
Article Google Scholar
Lecuona, O., García-Garzón, E., García-Rubio, C., & Rodríguez-Carvajal, R. (2019). A psychometric review and conceptual replication study of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire latent structure. Assessment, 27(5), 859–872. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191119873718.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Lilja, J. L., Lundh, L. G., Josefsson, T., & Falkenstorm, F. (2013). Observing as an essential facet of mindfulness: a comparison of FFMQ patterns in meditating and non-meditating individuals. Mindfulness, 4, 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2011.580367.
Article Google Scholar
Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widamon, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modelling, 9, 151–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504.
Article Google Scholar
Miranda, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2007). Brooding and reflection: rumination predicts suicidal ideation at 1-year follow-up in a community sample. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45(12), 3088–3095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.07.015.
Article Google Scholar
Morriss, R., Marttunnen, S., Garland, A., Nixon, N., McDonald, R., Sweeney, T., Flambert, H., Fox, R., Kaylor-Hughes, C., James, M., & Yang, M. (2010). Randomised controlled trial of the clinical and cost effectiveness of a specialist team for managing refractory unipolar depressive disorder. BioMed Central Psychiatry, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-100.
Morriss, R., Garland, A., Nixon, Guo, B., James, M., Kaylor-Hughes, C., Moore, R., Ramana, R., Sampson, C., Sweeney, T., & Dalgleish, T. (2016). Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a specialist depression service versus usual specialist mental health care to manage persistent depression: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/S22150366(16)30143-2.
Muthen, B. O., & Muthen, L. K. (2012). Mplus user’s guide. Los Angeles: Muthen & Muthen.
Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: NICE. (2009). Costing statement: “Depression: the treatment and management of depression in adults (update)”.1-592.
Neale-Lorello, D., & Haaga, D. A. F. (2015). The “observing” facet of mindfulness moderates stress/symptom relations only among meditators. Mindfulness, 6, 1286–1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.011.
Article Google Scholar
Neff, K. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027.
Article Google Scholar
Nevitt, J., & Hancock, G. R. (2004). Evaluating small sample approaches for model test statistics in structural equation modeling. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(3), 439–478. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327906MBR3903_3.
Article Google Scholar
Pelham, W. E., Gonzalez, O., Metcalf, S. A., Whicker, C. L., Witkiewitz, K., Marsch, L. A., & Mackinnon, D. P. (2019). Evaluating the factor structure of each facet of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire. Mindfulness, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01235-2.
Rosenstrom, T., Jylha, P., Pulki-Raback, L., Holma, M., Raitakari, O. T., Isometsa, E., & KeltiKangas-Jarvinen, L. (2015). Long term personality changes and predictive adaptive responses after depressive episodes. Evolution and Human Behavior, 37, 337–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.01.017.
Article Google Scholar
Rude, S. S., Little Maestas, K., & Neff, K. (2007). Paying attention to distress: What’s wrong with rumination? Cognition and Emotion, 21, 843–864. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930601056732.
Article Google Scholar
Rushton, J. P., Brainerd, C. J., & Pressley, M. (1983). Behavioural development of construct validity: the principle of aggregation. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 18–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.18.
Article Google Scholar
Schwab, J. J., Bialow, M., Brown, J. M., & Holzer, C. E. (1967). Diagnosing depression in medical inpatients. Annals of Internal Medicine, 67, 695–707. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-67-4-695.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G. & Teasdale, J. D. (2013). Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy for depression. New York. Guilford.
Teasdale, J. D. (1999). Emotional processing, three modes of mind and the prevention of relapse in depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 553–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00050-9.
Article Google Scholar
The World Health Organisation. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Google Scholar
Thompson, C. (1989). The instruments of psychiatric research. Guildford: Wiley.
Google Scholar
Tomlinson, E. R., Yousaf, O., Vittersø, A. D., & Jones, L. (2017). Dispositional mindfulness and psychological health: a systematic review. Mindfulness, 9, 23–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0762-6.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tran, U. S., Gluck, T. M., & Nader, I. W. (2013). Investigating the five facets mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ): construction of a short form and evidence of a two-factor higher order structure of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(9), 951–965. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21996.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Tran, U. S., Cebolla, A., Gluck, T. M., Soler, J., Garcia-Campayo, J., & von Moy, T. (2014). The serenity of the meditating mind: a cross-cultural psychometric study on a two-factor higher order structure of mindfulness, its effects, and mechanisms related to mental health among experienced meditators. Plos One, 9(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110192.
Treynor, W., Gonzalex, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023910315561.
Article Google Scholar
Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). The reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291170
van Aalderen, J. R., Donders, A. R. T., Giommi, F., Barendregt, H. P., Spinhoven, P., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2011). The efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in recurrent depressed patients with and without a current depressive episode: a randomized controlled trial. Psychological Medicine, 42(5), 989–1001. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711002054.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Van Dam, N. T., Earlywine, M., & Danoff-Burg, S. (2009). Differential item function across meditators and non-meditators on the five facet mindfulness questionnaire. Personality & Individual Differences, 47, 516–521. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191110392498.
Article Google Scholar
Veehof, M. M., ten Klooster, P. M., Taal, E., Westerhof, G. J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2011). Psychometric properties of the Dutch Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in patients with fibromyalgia. Clinical Rheumatology, 30, 1045–1054. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191111408231.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Watson-Singleton, N. N., Walker, J. H., LoParo, D., Mack, S. A., & Kaslow, N. J. (2018). Psychometric evaluation of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in a clinical sample of African Americans. Mindfulness, 9(1), 312–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191119873718.
Article Google Scholar
Whelton, W. J., & Greenberg, L. S. (2005). Emotion in self-criticism. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1583–1595. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.3.
Article Google Scholar
Williams, M. J., Dalgleish, T., Karl, A., & Kuyken, W. (2014). Examining the factor structure of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire and the self-compassion scale. Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 407–418. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023366.
Article PubMed Google Scholar

Download references

Acknowledgements

Members of the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) Specialist Mood Disorder Study Group who made important contributions to this study were Anne Garland, Cath Kaylor-Hughes, Neil Nixon, Jayne Simpson, Sandra Simpson and Min Yang. We acknowledge the help and support of the NIHR Clinical Research Network Mental Health in the east Midlands and east of England, and the University of Nottingham for providing sponsorship and Clinical Trials Unit support for the CLAHRC trial.

Funding

The study was funded by the NIHR CLAHRC East Midlands (previously CLAHRC Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, and Lincolnshire, and CLAHRC Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, and Rutland); NIHR CLAHRC east of England (previously the NIHR CLAHRC Cambridgeshire and Peterborough); the UK Medical Research Council; Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust; and the Derbyshire Healthcare Foundation Trust.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Adult Mental Health Directorate, Nottinghamshire Healthcare Trust, Nottingham, UK
Timothy Sweeney
Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
Richard Morriss, Elena Nixon & Boliang Guo
School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
Patrick Callaghan

Authors

Timothy Sweeney
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Richard Morriss
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Elena Nixon
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Boliang Guo
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Patrick Callaghan
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

TS designed the study protocol and carried out the data analyses and writing of the paper. RM led the RCT from which data for this study were drawn and oversaw the study design and data analysis. EN was involved in data analysis and oversaw the paper write-up. BG oversaw the analytical design and heavily contributed to the data analysis and interpretation. PC oversaw the study design and data analysis. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript for submission.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Timothy Sweeney.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

TS has been employed as the MBCT clinical lead for Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust (NHC). NHC contributed to funding the CLAHRC project from which study data was drawn. BG was the CLAHRC study statistician. RM was the Primary Investigator for the CLAHRC Specialist Depression Project, funded by the NIHR CLAHRC East Midlands; NIHR CLAHRC east of England; the UK Medical Research Council; and the Derbyshire Healthcare Foundation Trust. PC and EN declare no conflicts of interest.

Ethical Approval

The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008. The University of Derby provided the institutional review board (IRB) approval for this study.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

ESM 1

(DOCX 29 kb)

ESM 2

(DOCX 16 kb)

ESM 3

(XLSX 15 kb)

ESM 4

(DOCX 38 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sweeney, T., Morriss, R., Nixon, E. et al. Psychometric Properties of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire in Moderate-to-Severe, Persistent Depression. Mindfulness 12, 1009–1021 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01573-6

Download citation

Accepted: 01 December 2020
Published: 18 January 2021
Issue Date: April 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01573-6

Keywords

Mindfulness
Psychometric properties
Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire
Depression