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Studying the Efficacy of Copper Oxide Loaded Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets on VEGF-Induced Angiogenesis in Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM Assay) In Vivo Studies and Cytotoxicity in Human Hep3B Liver Cancer Cell Lines

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Abstract

Angiogenesis, a hallmark in many cancers, is the uncontrollable formation of blood vessels from the pre-existing vessels and leads to metastasis. The objective of the study was to first time evaluate the influence of CuO-loaded g-C3N4 nanosheets to test its anti-angiogenic activity in the chorioallantoic membrane of chick and viability test in liver cancer cell line. The prepared material was tested using anti-cancer activity in vivo and in vitro analysis. Initially, prepared sphere-shaped-cupric oxide and cupric oxide supported g-C3N4 nanosheet crystallinity, purity, morphology, and physicochemical properties (such as optical and thermal) are analyzed. On the other hand, the prepared materials angiogenesis analysis is examined using a series of chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays in the in vivo models which confirmed that the cupric oxide loaded on exfoliated g-C3N4 nanosheets can eradicate the tumor cell. Results also showed that CuO/g-C3N4 nanosheets strongly disturbed the physiological process of angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane blocking the VEGF-induced blood vessel formation. The findings indicate that 40wt% of CuO/g-C3N4 nanocomposite is effective and probably acts as anti-angiogenic therapy compared to other weight percentages of nanocomposite for the suppression of VEGF growth factor activities. Furthermore, the effect on cell viability is analyzed by using a human Hep3B liver cancer cell line when using the 40wt% CuO/g-C3N4 nanocomposite.

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Acknowledgements

RLP, NAT, CB, and PP acknowledge VIT for providing the fellowship.

Funding

The authors wish to thank VIT for providing “VIT SEED GRANT (RGEMS) - Sanction Order No.: SG20230001” for carrying out this research work, VIT management for characterization support, and infrastructure. VR acknowledges VIT for providing “VIT SEED GRANT (RGEMS) - Sanction Order No.: SG20230005” for carrying out this research work. RLP, NAT, CB, and PP acknowledge VIT for providing the fellowship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nano-Catalysis Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamilnadu, India

    Rajendran Lakshmi Priya, Chellapandi Bhuvaneswari, Ponnusamy Paunkumar & Sundaram Ganesh Babu

  2. School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamilnadu, India

    Naveen Arakkal Thaiparambil & Raja Sudhakaran

  3. VIT School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamilnadu, India

    Naveen Arakkal Thaiparambil & Radhakrishnan Vidya

  4. University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, 584101, Karnataka, India

    Bheeranna Kariyanna

  5. Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40503, USA

    Sengodan Karthi

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  1. Rajendran Lakshmi Priya
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R.L.P.-methodology, analysis, writing-original draft preparation; NA.T.N.-cytotoxicity analysis; R.V.-methodology, anti-angiogenesis analysis, and writing-review and editing; C.B.-materials synthesis; P.P.-materials synthesis; S.K.-methodology, writing-review and editing; B.K.-methodology, writing-review and editing; R.S.-methodology, writing-review and editing; S.G.B.-design, conceptualization, writing-review and editing.

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Correspondence to Sundaram Ganesh Babu.

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Priya, R.L., Thaiparambil, N.A., Vidya, R. et al. Studying the Efficacy of Copper Oxide Loaded Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets on VEGF-Induced Angiogenesis in Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM Assay) In Vivo Studies and Cytotoxicity in Human Hep3B Liver Cancer Cell Lines. BioNanoSci. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-024-01424-x

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