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A linear active disturbance rejection control technique for frequency control of networked microgrids

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Abstract

In this paper, the load frequency control (LFC) for networked microgrids in the presence of delayed electric vehicles (EVs) aggregator and renewable energy sources (RESs) like photovoltaic, wind turbine and fuel cell have been investigated. A linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) technique based on the extended state observer (ESO) and nonlinear feedback control law (NLFCL) is proposed to eliminate the frequency variations resulted from the load disturbance and uncertainty of RESs. Since the LADRC parameters could be designed by the ESO and controller bandwidths, the presented controller could have similar performance with the fixed-structured controller. Also, the IMC technique is used for the robust tuning of the LADRC controller. The simulation is carried out on the three-area LFC scheme containing EVs aggregator, RESs, and fuel cell. According to simulation results, the LADRC controller has fewer frequency variations in contrast to other methods presented in the case studies.

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Abbreviations

EV:

Electric vehicles

ESO:

Extended state observer

ESS:

Energy storage system

FC:

Fuel cell

IAE:

Integral absolute error

ITAE:

Integral time absolute error

LADRC:

Linear active disturbance rejection control

LFC:

Load frequency control

MPC:

Model predictive control

NMGs:

Networked microgrids

NLFCL:

Nonlinear feedback control law

PV:

Photovoltaic panel

RESs:

Renewable energy sources

SMC:

Sliding mode control

WT:

Wind turbine

K EV :

EV Battery gain

K WT :

Wind turbine gain

K PV :

Photovoltaic panel gain

K ESS :

Energy storage system gain

K FC :

Fuel cell gain

K b :

Frequency bias factor

F p :

Fraction of total turbine power

T FC :

Fuel cell time constant

\({\omega }_{o}\) :

Observer bandwidth

M :

Inertia constant

D :

Load-damping factor

R :

Speed regulation

T g :

Governor time constant

T c :

Turbine time constant

T r :

Reheat time constant

T EV :

EV Battery time constant

T WT :

Wind turbine time constant

T PV :

Photovoltaic panel time constant

T ESS :

Energy storage system time constant

\({\Delta P}_{FC}\) :

Fuel cell power variation

\(\Delta f\) :

Frequency variation

\({\Delta P}_{g}\) :

Generator output power variation

\({\Delta P}_{ESS}\) :

Energy storage system power variation

\({\Delta P}_{PV}\) :

Photovoltaic power variation

\({\Delta P}_{WT}\) :

Wind power variation

\({\Delta P}_{m}\) :

Mechanical output power variation

\({\Delta P}_{EV}\) :

EV aggregator power variation

b :

High-frequency gain of controlled system

d :

Total disturbance

u :

Input signal

L o :

Observer gain vector

K o :

Controller gain

\({\omega }_{c}\) :

Controller bandwidth

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran

    Navid Taghizadegan, Farshad Babaei & Amin Safari

Authors
  1. Navid Taghizadegan
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  2. Farshad Babaei
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  3. Amin Safari
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Contributions

FB: methodology, software, formal analysis, validation, writing—original draft preparation; NT: validation, writing—review and editing, supervision, formal analysis; AS: validation, writing—review and editing, supervision, formal analysis.

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Correspondence to Navid Taghizadegan.

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Appendix

Appendix

See Table 3.

Table 3 The LFC system parameters
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Taghizadegan, N., Babaei, F. & Safari, A. A linear active disturbance rejection control technique for frequency control of networked microgrids. Energy Syst 15, 807–826 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12667-023-00563-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12667-023-00563-6

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