Abstract
The objective of the research was to examine how variations in annealing temperature affect the mechanical characteristics of ZnO single crystal Wurtzite phase. The samples underwent annealing at different temperatures (350, 500, 700, and 800 °C) in a nitrogen environment for a duration of 2 h, in order to enhance the material's flexibility. Subsequently, the specimens underwent Nanoindentation analysis, revealing a decrease in the estimated mechanical properties as the annealing temperature increased. The calculated hardness values (non-ISE region) were consistent with the experimental results. The study also explored the material's hardening behavior, with the findings suggesting that pressure hardening had a greater influence than strain hardening, based on both coefficient values. These findings underscore the significance of annealing temperature in determining the mechanical properties of ZnO single crystal Wurtzite phase, providing valuable insights for the design of applications such as MEMs, NEMs, piezo-electric, and resistive devices.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bikowski A, and Ellmer K, J Appl Phys 114 (2013) 063709.
Khudiar A I, Khalaf M K, and Ofui A M, Opt Mater 114 (2021) 110885.
Lupan O, Guerin V M, Tiginyanu I M, Ursaki V V, Chow L, Heinrich H, and Pauporté T, J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 211 (2010), (2010) 65.
Nili H, Kalantar-zadeh K, Bhaskaran M, and Sriram S, Progress Mater Sci 58 (2013) 1.
Fang T H, Chang W J, and Lin C M, Mater Sci Eng A 452 (2007) 715.
Klopfstein M J, Investigation of the near surface mechanical behavior of single crystal zinc oxide by nanoindentation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater (2004).
Wu L, Wu Y, Pan X, and Kong F, Opt Mater 28 (2006) 418.
Liu M, and Li X, Opt Lasers Eng 150 (2022) 106853.
Oliver W C, and Pharr G M, J Mater Res 19 (2004) 3.
Zamanzade M, Vehoff H, and Barnoush A, Intermetallics 41 (2013) 28.
Kang S K, Kim Y C, Kim K H, Kim J Y, and Kwon D, Int J Plast 49 (2013) 1.
Field J S, and Swain M V, J Mater Res 10 (1995) 101.
Basu S, and Barsoum M W, J Mater Res 22 (2007) 2470.
Oliver W C, and Pharr G M, J Mater Res 7 (1992) 1564.
Nawaz A, Mao W G, Lu C, and Shen Y G, Ceram Int 43 (2017) 385.
Peykov D, Martin E, Chromik R R, Gauvin R, and Trudeau M, J Mater Sci 47 (2012) 7189.
Lucas B N, and Oliver W C, Metall Mater Trans A 30 (1999) 601.
Alao A R, and Yin L, Mater Sci Eng A 619 (2014) 247.
Swab J J, Wereszczak A A, Strong K T Jr, Danna D, LaSalvia J C, Ragan M E, and Ritt P J, Int J Appl Ceram Technol 9 (2012) 650.
Nawaz A, Ahmad I, Akram W, Islam B, Pimenov D Y, Giasin K, and Aamir M, Designs 6 (2022) 44.
Hefferon J, Linear algebra third edition (2018).
Bolshakov A P G M, and Pharr G M, J Mater Res 13 (1998) 1049.
Nawaz A, Mao W G, Lu C, and Shen Y G, J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 66 (2017) 172.
Schultz J M, McHugh J P, and Tiller W A, J Appl Phys 33 (1962) 2443.
He D, Liu F, Guan S, and He D, Ceram Int 47 (2021) 19989.
Bavdekar S, and Subhash G, Int J Impact Eng 118 (2018) 60.
Izhevskyi V A, Bressiani A H A, and Bressiani J C, J Am Ceram Soc 88 (2005) 1115.
Acknowledgements
BI acknowledge the support of UET, Peshawar in this project. The support of Prof. GMP, Prof. WDN and Dr. AN are also acknowledged for their valuable suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Islam, B., Sadiq, M., Arif, M. et al. Effect of Annealing Temperature on the Hardening Mechanism and Nano-mechanical Response of ZnO Single Crystal Wurtzite Phase: A Nanoscale Analysis. Trans Indian Inst Met 76, 3049–3058 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-023-02989-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-023-02989-z