Abstract
Al–Si alloys with silicon content more than 13 % are termed as hypereutectic alloys. In recent years, these alloys have drawn the attention of researchers due to their ability to replace cast iron parts in the transportation industry. The properties of the hypereutectic alloy are greatly dependent on the morphology, size and distribution of primary silicon crystals in the alloy. Mechanical properties of the hypereutectic Al–Si alloy can be improved by the simultaneous refinement and modification of the primary and eutectic silicon and by controlling the solidification parameters. In this paper, the effect of solidification rate and melt treatment on the evolution of microstructure in hypereutectic Al–Si alloys are reviewed. Different types of primary silicon morphology and the conditions for its nucleation and growth are explained. The paper discusses the effect of refinement/modification treatments on the microstructure and properties of the hypereutectic Al-Si alloy. The importance and effect of processing variables and phosphorus refinement on the silicon morphology and wear properties of the alloy is highlighted.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, ASM Handbook, Vol. 2, ASM International, Materials Park, OH (1990).
Lasa L, and Rodriguez-Ibabe J M, Mater Sci Eng A 363 (2003) 193.
Qian Z, Liu X, Zhao D, and Zhang G, Mater Lett 62 (2008) 2146.
Archer R S, Kempf W L, US Patent 1799837 (1931).
Rainer R S, US Patent 1940922 (1933).
Donahue R, Fabiyi P A Society of Automotive Engineers http://www.ncccoat.com/PDF/MercuryNCCSAEtechnicalpapers.pdf (2000), Accessed 10 Sept 2012.
Luo A A, Sachdev A K, and Powell B R, China Foundry 7 (2010) 463.
Zeren M, Mater Des 28 (2007) 2511.
Haizhi Ye, J Mater Eng Perform 12 (2003) 287.
Slattery B E, Perry T, and Edrisy A, Mater Sci Eng A 512 (2009) 76.
Prasad B K, Venkateswarlu K, Modi O P, Jha A K, Das S, Dasgupta R, and Yegneswaran A H, Metall Mater Trans A, 29 (1998) 2747.
Xu C L, Yang Y F, Wang H Y, and Jiang Q C, J Mater Sci 42 (2007) 6331.
Lozano D E, Mercado-solis R D, Perez A J, Talamantes J, and Morales F, Wear 267 (2009) 545.
Liu G, Li G, Anhui C, and Chen Z, Mater Des 32 (2011) 121.
Xu C L, Wang H Y, Qiu F, Yang Y F, and Jiang Q C, Mater Sci Eng A 417 (2006) 275.
Li P, Nikitin V I, Kandalova E G, and Nikitin K V, Mater Sci Eng A 332 (2002) 371.
Kasprzak W, Sahoo M, Sokolowski J, Yamagata H, and Kurita H, Int J Metal Casting, 9 (2009) 55.
Liang D, Bayraktar Y, and Jones H, Acta Metall Mater 43 (1995) 579.
Piątkowski J, Archiv Foundry Eng 9 (2009) 195.
Gupta M, Li Y, Wu Y, and Lavernia E J, J Therm Anal 44 (1995) 1321.
Ho C R, and Cantor B, Acta Metall Mater 43 (1995) 3231.
Matsuura K, Kudoh M, Kinoshita H, and Takahashi H, Mater Chem Phys 81 (2003) 393.
Dasgupta R, J Mater Process Technol 72 (1997) 380.
Gruzleski J E, and Closset B, The Treatment of Liquid Aluminum–Silicon Alloys, Des Plaines, IL: American Foundrymen’s Society, Inc. (1990).
Hegde S, and Prabhu K N, J Mater Sci 43 (2008) 3009.
Robles Hernandez F C, and Sokolowski J H, J Alloys Compd 419 (2006) 180.
Yi H, and Zhang D, Mater Lett 57 (2003) 2523.
Pei Y T, De Hosson J Th. M, Acta mater 49 (2001) 561.
Pei Y T, De Hosson J Th. M, Acta mater 48 (2000) 2617.
Kang H S, Yoon W Y, Kim K H, Kim M H, and Yoon Y P, Mater Sci Eng A 404 (2005) 117.
Nikanorov S P, Volkov M P, Gurin V N, Burenkov Y A, Kardashev B K, Regel L L, and Wilcox W R, Mater Sci Eng A 390 (2005) 63.
Korojy B, and Frediksson H, Trans Ind Inst Met 62 (2009) 361.
Robles Hernandez F C, Sokolowski J H, J Alloys Compd 426 (2006) 205.
Xu C L, and Jiang Q C, Mater Sci Eng A 437 (2006) 451.
Wang R, Lu W, and Hogan L M, Metall Trans A 28 (1997) 1233.
Yan-Feng H, Xiang-Fa L, Har-Mei W, Zhen-Qing W, Xiu-Fang B, and Jun-Yan Z, Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 13 (2003) 92.
Xu C L, Wang H Y, Liu C, and Jiang Q C, J Crystal Growth 291 (2006) 540.
Yilimaz F, Atasoy O A, and Elliot R, J Crystal Growth 118 (1992) 377.
Yilimaz F, and Elliot R, J Mater Sci 24 (1989) 2065.
Liu R P, Herlach D M, Vandyoussefi M, and Greer A L Metall Mater Trans A 35 (2004) 607.
Liu R P, Herlach D M, Vandyoussefi M, and Greer A L Metall Mater Trans A 35 (2004) 1067.
Day M G, Nature 219 (1968) 1357.
Kobayashi K, Shingu P H, and Ozaki R, J Mater Sci 10 (1975) 290.
Ge LL, Liu R P, Li G, Ma M Z, and Wang W K, Mater Sci Eng A 385 (2004) 128.
Hongshanga D, and Xiangfa L, Rare Met 28 (2009) 651.
Jones H, J Mater Sci 19 (1984) 1043.
Radjai A, Miwa K, and Nishio T, Metall Mater Trans A 29 (1998) 1477.
Zuo M, Zhao D, Teng X, Geng H, and Zhang Z, Mater Des 47 (2013) 857.
Hou L G, Cui C, and Zhang J S, Mater Sci Eng A 527 (2010) 6400.
Zuo M, and Xiangfa L, J Inorg Organomet Polym 22 (2012) 64.
Clegg A J, and Das A A, Wear 43 (1977) 367.
Kanno T, Xiao-lin T, and Fukuda Y, Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 13 (2003) 1285.
Li X, Cai A, Liu G, Zhou Y and Zeng J, Adv Mater Res 146–147 (2011) 454.
Li Q, Xia T, Lan Y, Zhao W, Fan L, and Li P, J. Alloys Comp doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.02.016.
Robles-Hernandez F C, Sokolowski J H, JOM 57 (2005) 48.
Wu Y, Wang S, Li H, and Liu X, J Alloys Compd 477 (2009) 139.
Nafis S, Hedjazi J, Boutorabi S M, and Ghomashchi R, Light Met (2004) 851.
Dwivedi D, Sharma K A, and Rajan T V, Mater Manuf Process 20 (2005) 777.
Kezhuna H, Fuxiaob Y, Dazhib Z, and Lianga Z, Trans Ind Inst Met 62 (2009) 367.
Ying Z, Dan-Qing Y, Wang-Xing L, Zhi-Sen R, Qun Z, and Jun-Hong Z, Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 17 (2007) 413.
Min Z, Xiangfa L, Hongshang D, and Xiangjun L, Rare Met 28 (2009) 412.
Wesis J C, Loper C R Jr, AFS Trans 32 (1987) 37.
Ramussen R T C, US Patent 3953202 (1976).
Zhang H, Duan H, Shao G, and Xu L, Rare Met 27 (2008) 59.
Zuo M, Liu X, and Sun Q, J Mater Sci 44 (2009) 1952.
Lescuyer H, Allibert M, and Laslaz G, J Alloys Compd 279 (1998) 237.
Zhang Q, Liu X, and Dai H, J Alloys Compd 480 (2009) 376.
Zuo M, Liu X F, Sun Q Q, and Jiang K, J Mater Process Technol 209 (2009) 5504.
Kasprzak W, Sediako D, Sahoo M, Walker M, Swainson I, Supplemental Proceedings, Materials Processing and Properties 1 (2010) 93.
Zhi-ying O, Xie-min M, and Mei H, J Shanghai University (English Edition) 11 (2007) 400.
Mascre C, British Foundry man (1953) 227.
Clegg A J, and Das A A, British Foundry man 70 (1977) 56.
Tenekedijiv N, and Gruzleski J E, Cast Met 3 (1990) 96.
Lashgari H R, Emamy M, Razaghian A, and Najimi A A, Mater Sci Eng A 517 (2009) 170.
Nogita K, McDonald S D, and Dahle A K, Philos Mag 84 (2004) 1683.
Chang J Y, Kim G H, Moon I G, and Choi C S, Scripta Mater 39 (1998) 307.
Weixi S, Bo G, Ganfeng T, Shiwei L, Yi H, and Fuxiao Y, J Rare Earths 28 (2010) 367.
Faraji M, Todd I, and Jones H, J Mater Sci 40 (2005) 6363.
Fuxiao Y, Jianhua P, Kezhun H, Dazhia Z, and Liang Z, Trans Ind Inst Met 62 (2009) 347.
Yamagata H, Kasprzak W, Aniolek M, Kurita H, and Sokolowski J H, Mater Process Technol 203 (2008) 333.
Sulzer J, Mod Castings 39 (1960) 38.
Mandal B, Saha A, and Chakraborty M, AFS Trans 99 (1991) 643.
Kaneko J, Sugamata M, and Aoki K I, J Jpn Inst Met 42 (1978) 972.
Kyffin W J, Rainforth W M, and Jones H, J Mater Sci 36 (2001) 2667.
Li Y, Zhang D, Xia W, Long Y, and Zhang W, J Mater Sci Lett 21 (2002) 537.
Radjai A, Miwa K, and Nishio T, Metall Mater Trans A 29A (1998) 1477.
Kaur P, Dwivedi D K, and Pathak P M, Int J Adv Manuf Technol 63 (2012) 415.
Abramov V O, Abramov O V, Straumal B B, and Gust W, Mater Des 18 (1997)323.
Sarkar A D, Wear 31 (1975) 331.
Kadhim M J, and Dwarakadasa E S, Wear 82 (1982) 377.
Krishna Kanth V, Pramila Bai B N, and Biswas S K, Scripta Metall 24 (1990) 267.
Clarke J, and Sarkar A D, Wear 54 (1979) 7.
Torabian H, Patak J P, and Tiwari S N, J Mater Sci Lett 14 (1995) 1631.
Lee J, Kang S, and Yoon S, Met Mater 5 (1999) 357.
Wang F, Ma Y, Zhang Z, Cui X, and Jin Y, Wear 256 (2004) 342.
Elmadagli M, and Alpas A T, Wear 261 (2006) 367.
Prasad B K, Venkateswarlu K, Modi O P, and Yegneswaran A H, J Mater Sci Lett 15 (1996) 1773.
Elmadagli M, Perry T, and Alpas A T, Wear 262 (2007) 79.
Hekmat-Ardakan A, Liu X, Ajersch F, and Grant Chen X, Wear 269 (2010) 684.
Shah K B, Kumar S, and Dwivedi D K, Mater Des 28 (2007) 1968.
Alloy phase diagrams, ASM Handbook, Vol. 3, ASM International, Materials Park, OH (1992).
Acknowledgments
One of the authors (VV) thanks National Institute of Technology Karnataka for the Research Scholarship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
V, V., Narayan Prabhu, K. Review of Microstructure Evolution in Hypereutectic Al–Si Alloys and its Effect on Wear Properties. Trans Indian Inst Met 67, 1–18 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-013-0327-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-013-0327-x