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Surface water quality assessment for drinking and irrigation using DEMATEL, entropy-based models and irrigation hazard indices

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Abstract

The rapid population growth across the world escalates the demand for water for domestic and commercial uses, which converts freshwater resources into deficit conditions both quantitatively and qualitatively. Damodar Fan Delta, a semi-critical community development block dominated region, experiences immense population growth and is famous for irrigation-based crop production which decreases the quality and quantity of water resources. The present study focused on assessing drinking water quality using an integrated water quality index and irrigation water quality based on irrigation hazards depending on the primary surface water quality datasets. The water quality index reveals that most of the sample sites (~ 78%) are characterized as very good to moderate quality, however, ~ 22% of the sample water has been defined as poor to very poor quality for drinking. In terms of irrigation water quality, most of the indices have been considered suitable for irrigation purposes except percentage nitrogen, residual sodium carbonate and Kelley’s ratio. It is also depicted that turbidity, sodium, sulphate and nitrate are the dominant pollutants originating from the point (industrial, municipal, and domestic sewage) and non-point (agricultural land) sources of the study area. Therefore, it indicates that surface water management has been imperative for the planner and other stakeholders.

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Fig. 1

(Source of LULC: ESA WorldCover 2020 Global land cover product at 10 m resolution for 2020)

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Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We sincerely acknowledge the help of the staff of the National Test House, Kolkata who tested our water samples.

Funding

The first author of this paper (SM) duly acknowledges the University Grants Commission, Government of India, New Delhi, for financial support vide grant number (19806 (NET-JUNE 2015 dated 23, JUNE 2016) to carry out his PhD research work.

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  1. Department of Geography, Aliah University, 17 Gorachand Road, Kolkata, 700 014, India

    Sadik Mahammad & Aznarul Islam

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  1. Sadik Mahammad
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  2. Aznarul Islam
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Sadik Mahammad: Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Investigation; Methodology; Software; Writing—original draft; Aznarul Islam: Formal analysis; Investigation; Methodology; Writing—original draft, review and editing; Supervision.

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Correspondence to Aznarul Islam.

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Mahammad, S., Islam, A. Surface water quality assessment for drinking and irrigation using DEMATEL, entropy-based models and irrigation hazard indices. Environ Earth Sci 83, 332 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-024-11633-y

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