Abstract
A 16-year surface macroscopic survey and global positioning system (GPS) monitoring of the Sanmendong landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of China demonstrated that the degree of deformation of the landslide correlated with rainfall and fluctuations in reservoir levels. In this study, the seepage field and stability coefficient of the Sanmendong landslide deformation were estimated under rainfall conditions, and fluctuations in the reservoir water level and their coupling effects were simulated and calculated. As the water level increased, the seepage force was directed toward the inside of the slope, creating conditions that bolstered landslide stability. However, when the reservoir water level drops or rainfall occurs, a seepage force is directed to the outside of the slope, hindering landslide stability. GPS monitoring data and the correlation between reservoir water-level fluctuations, rainfall, and landslide deformation were analyzed. The analysis revealed a positive correlation between rainfall and the displacement rate at monitoring point ZG361, with a high gray correlation degree (0.761). However, the correlation between the rate of fluctuating reservoir water levels and displacement rate at monitoring point ZG361 was insignificant. The stability calculation demonstrated that under normal Three Gorges Reservoir operation, a decrease in the water level decreased the stability coefficient by < 1%, whereas heavy rainfall decreased the stability coefficient by > 10%. The above results prove that rainfall is the primary driver governing the deformation of the Sanmendong landslide.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation, Key Projects of China (No. U21A2031), Key R&D Program of Hubei Province (No. 2022BAA047), Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (2023KJZ22), and Open Fund of Badong National Observation and Research Station of Geohazards (No. BNORSG-202207). Data for this study were collected with the assistance of the Wuhan Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation, Key Project of China (No. U21A2031), Key R&D Program of Hubei Province (No. 2022BAA047), Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (2023KJZ22), and Open Fund of Badong National Observation and Research Station of Geohazards (No. BNORSG-202207).
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The authors declare there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Fei Guo, Zhihong Fan, Junjie Huang and Xiaowei Li. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Zhihong Fan. Shimei Wang and Li Wang guided the writing of this paper. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. All authors contributed to the conception and design of this study. The material preparation, data collection, and analyses were performed by Fei Guo, Zhihong Fan, Junjie Huang, and Xiaowei Li. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Zhihong Fan. Shimei Wang and Li Wang guided the writing of this manuscript. All authors commented on the previous versions of the manuscript. All the authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
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Fan, Z., Wang, S., Wang, L. et al. Deformation characteristics, mechanisms, and dominant factors involved in rainfall-hydrodynamic pressure landslides: a case study. Environ Earth Sci 82, 607 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-11303-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-11303-5