Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Secondary minerals in a calcareous environment: an example from Um Gheig Pb/Zn mine site, Eastern Desert, Egypt

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Environmental Earth Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Alteration of abandoned mine sites and wastes generates variable secondary mineral phases that incorporate different toxic trace elements with a prospective threat to the neighboring ecosystems. The main focus of this study was to investigate the mineralogical and geochemical changes at neutral pH where dry condition prevails around oxidation-primary contacts interface and the surface in Um Gheig Pb/Zn mine, Eastern Desert, Egypt. The secondary minerals were determined by M4 Tornado μ-EDXRF, Raman microscope and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive system. Two alteration zones were recognized depending on ion availability and the Eh/pH conditions. The first include anglesite as an initial phase that quickly transformed into a more stable cerussite and hydrocerussite. Mendipite formation was controlled by the availability of Cl− ions in the solution. Hemimorphite was formed after sphalerite in the pore spaces, depending on the accessibility of Si ions from silicates dissolution. Iron (oxy) hydroxides were formed in a later stage due to their restricted mobility in carbonates. The second zone includes gypsum and anhydrite formed at the surface of the mine wastes due to continuous evaporation in arid environments. These secondary mineral phases can undergo different mineral transformations depending on the prevailing conditions. The element release ratios in the mine surface zone compared to the capillary fringe zone reached 12.1, 2.8, 1.6, 0.17, 0.09 and 0.03 for Sr, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni in the mine surface zone compared to 5.86, 0.01, 0.05, 0.02, 0.07 and 0.01 in the capillary fringe zone. The findings from this investigation have important implications for the management and the control of elements mobility from secondary phases formed in mined areas.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abollino O, Aceto M, Malandrino M, Mentasti E, Sarzanini C, Barberis R (2002) Distribution and mobility of metals in contaminated sites. Chemometric investigation of pollutant profiles. Environ Pollut 119:177–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abou-El-Anwar EA, Mekky HS (2013) Contribution to the geochemistry, composition and origin of the Dolostones of Um Gheig Formation, Middle Miocene, Red Sea coast, Egypt. J Appl Sci Res 9:3659–3673

    Google Scholar 

  • Alakangas L, Öhlander B (2006) Formation and composition of cemented layers in low-sulphide mine tailings, Laver, northern Sweden. Environ Geol 50:809–819

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alloway BJ (2013) Sources of heavy metals and metalloids in soils. In: Alloway BJ (ed) Heavy metals in soils: trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability, 3rd edn. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 11–50

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Al TA, Martin CJ, Blowes DW (2000) Carbonate-mineral/water interactions in sulfide-rich mine tailings. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 64:3933–3948

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aref MME, Amstutz GC (1983) Lead–zinc deposits along the Red Sea Coast of Egypt: new observations and genetic models on the occurrences of Um Gheig, Wizr, Essel and Zug El Bohar. Monograph series on mineral deposites. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Bazzi W, Fayad AGA, Nasser A, Haraoui LP, Dewachi O, Abou-Sitta G, Nguyen VK, Abara A, Karah N, Landecker H et al (2020) Heavy metal toxicity in armed conflicts potentiates AMR in A. baumannii by selecting for antibiotic and heavy metal co-resistance mechanisms. Front Microbiol 11:68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blowes DW, Ptacek CJ (1994) Acid-neutralization mechanisms in inactive mine tailings. In: Jambor JL, Blowes DW (eds) Environmental geochemistry of sulfide mine wastes, vol 22. Mineralogical Association of Canada, pp 271–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges TF, Turner R, Rumsey MS (2012) A geochemical study of the lead oxychloride mineral assemblage of the Mendip Hills, Somerset, UK using a stability field model. J Russell Soc 15:18–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Brookins DG (1988) Eh–pH diagrams for geochemistry. Springer, Berlin, p 176

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Health Canada (2018) Strontium in drinking water – guideline technical document for public consultation. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/programs/consultation-strontium-drinking-water/document.html. Accessed 23 Mar 2021

  • Carmona DM, Faz Cano Á, Arocena JM (2009) Cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in secondary sulfate minerals in soils of mined areas in Southeast Spain. Geoderma 150:150–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang LLY, Howie RA, Zussman J (1995) Non-silicates: sulphates, carbonates, phosphates, halides (rock-forming minerals), 2nd edn. Geological Society of London, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Dill HG (2010) Authigenic heavy minerals a clue to unravel supergene and hypogene alteration of marine and continental sediments of Triassic to Cretaceous age (SE Germany). Sedim Geol 228:61–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dold B, Fontboté L (2002) A mineralogical and geochemical study of element mobility in sulfide mine tailings of Fe oxide Cu–Au deposits from the Punta del Cobre belt, northern Chile. Chem Geol 189:135–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dzombak DA, Morel FMM (1990) Surface complexation modeling: hydrous ferric oxide. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards R, Gillard RD, Willams PA (1992) Studies of secondary mineral formation in the PbO–H2O–HC1 system. Miner Mag 56:53–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • España JS, Pamo EL, Santofimia E, Aduvire O, Reyes J, Barettino D (2005) Acid mine drainage in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (Odiel riverwatershed, Huelva, SW Spain): geochemistry, mineralogy and environmental implications. Appl Geochem 20(5):1320–1356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzpatrick RW, Baker AKM, Raven M, Rogers S, Degens B, George R, Kirby J (2005) Mineralogy, biochemistry, hydro-pedology and risks of sediments, salt efflorescences and soils in open drains in the wheatbelt of western Australia. In: Roach IC (ed) Regolith, Ten Years of CRC LEME. CRC LEME, pp 97–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghrefat HA, Abu Rukah Y, Rosen MA (2011) Application of geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor for assessing metal contamination in the sediments of Kafrain Dam, Jordan. Environ Monit Assess 178:95–109

  • Gieré R, Sidenko NV, Lazareva EV (2003) The role of secondary minerals in controlling the migration of arsenic and metals from high-sulfide wastes (Berikul gold mine, Siberia). Appl Geochem 18:1347–1359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert B, Ono RK, Ching KA, Kim CS (2009) The effects of nanoparticle aggregation processes on aggregate structure and metal uptake. J Colloid Interface Sci 339:285–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilg HA, Boni M, Cook NJ (2008) A special issue devoted to nonsulfide Zn-Pb Deposits—editorial. Ore Geol Rev 33:115–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • González-Martínez A, de Simón-Martín M, López R, Táboas-Fernández R, Bernardo-Sánchez A (2019) Remediation of potential toxic elements from wastes and soils: analysis and energy prospects. Sustainability 11:3307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graupner T, Kassahun A, Rammlmair D, Meima JA, Kock D, Furche M, Fiege A, Schippers A, Melcher F (2007) Formation of sequences of cemented layers and hardpans within sulfide-bearing mine tailings (mine district Freiberg, Germany). Appl Geochem 22:2486–2508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haldar SK, Tišljar J (2014) Chapter 5—sedimentary rocks. In: Haldar SK (ed) Introduction to mineralogy and petrology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 121–212

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes SM, White SA, Thompson TL, Maier RM, Chorover J (2009) Changes in lead and zinc lability during weathering-induced acidification of desert mine tailings: coupling chemical and micro-scale analyses. Appl Geochem 24:2234–2245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jambor JL (1994) Mineralogy of sulfide rich tailings and their oxidation products. In: Jambor JL, Blowes DW (eds) Environmental geochemistry of sulfide mine wastes, vol 22. Mineralogical Association of Canada, pp 59–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Jambor JL (2003) Mine-waste mineralogy and mineralogical perspectives of acid-base accounting. In: Jambor JL, Blowes DW, Ritchie AIM (eds) Environmental aspects of mine wastes, vol 31. Mineralogical Association of Canada, Ontario, pp 117–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson HE, Walker SR, Parsons MB (2015) Mineralogical characterization of mine waste. Appl Geochem 57:85–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabata-Pendias A, Pendias H (1992) Trace elements in soils and plants, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Keim MF, Markl G (2015) Weathering of galena: mineralogical processes, hydrogeochemical fluid path modeling, and estimation of the growth rate of pyromorphite. Am Miner 100:1584–1594

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khelfaoui M, Medjram MS, Kabir A, Zouied D, Mehri K, Chikha O, Trabelsi MA (2020) Chemical and mineralogical characterization of weathering products in mine wastes, soil, and sediment from the abandoned Pb/Zn mine in Skikda, Algeria. Environ Earth Sci 79:293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim BS, Hayes RA, Prestidge CA, Ralston J, Smart RStC (1995) Scanning tunneling microscopy studies of Galena: the mechanisms of oxidation in aqueous solution. Langmuir 11:2554–2562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn K, Meima JA (2019) Characterization and economic potential of historic tailings from gravity separation: implications from a mine waste dump (Pb–Ag) in the Harz Mountains Mining District, Germany. Mineral 9:303

    Google Scholar 

  • Lara RH, Briones R, Monroy MG, Mullet M, Humbert B, Dossot M, Naja GM, Cruz R (2011) Galena weathering under simulated calcareous soil conditions. Sci Total Environ 409:3971–3979

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsley DH (1976) Experimental studies of oxide minerals. In: Rumble D (ed) Reviews of mineralogy, oxide minerals, vol 3. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, pp L61–L88

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lin H, Sakamoto H, Seo WS, Kuwabara K, Koumoto K (1998) Crystal growth of lepidocrocite and magnetite under Langmuir monolayers. J Cryst Growth 192:250–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Q, Li H, Jin G, Zheng K, Wang L (2018) Assessing the influence of humic acids on the weathering of galena and its environmental implications. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 158:230–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch J (1990) Provisional elemental values for eight new geochemical lake sediment and stream sediment reference materials: LKSD-1, LKSD-2, LKSD-3, LKSD-4, STSD-1, STSD-2, STSD-3 and STSD-4. Geostand Newsl 14:153–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masue-Slowey Y, Loeppert RH, Fendorf S (2011) Alteration of ferrihydrite reductive dissolution and transformation by adsorbed As and structural Al: implications for As retention. Geochim Cosmochim Act 75:870–886

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPhail DC, Summerhayes E, Welch S, Brugger J (2003) The geochemistry and mobility of zinc in the regolith. In: Roach IC (ed) Advances in regolith. CRC LEME, Bentley, pp 287–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Medas D, Podda F, Meneghini C, De Giudici G (2017) Stability of biological and inorganic hemimorphite: implications for hemimorphite precipitation in non-sulfide Zn deposits. Ore Geol Rev 89:808–821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mercy MA, Rock PA, Casey WH, Mokarram MM (1998) Gibbs energies of formation for hydrocerussite [Pb(OH)2. (PbCO3)2 (S)] and hydrozincite [Zn(OH)2]3. (ZnCO3)2(S)] at 298 K and 1 bar from electrochemical cell measurements. Am Miner 83:739–745

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moncur MC, Ptacek CJ, Blowes DW, Jambor JL (2005) Release, transport and attenuation of metals from an old tailings impoundment. Appl Geochem 20:639–659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris RV, Golden DC, Shelfer TD, Lauer JRHV (1998) Lepidocrocite to maghemite to hematite: a pathway to magnetic and hematitic Martian soil. Meteorit Planet Sci 33:743–751

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagata H, Matsunaga M, Hosokawa K (1993) Analytical study of the formation process of hemimorphite-part II—analysis of the formation process from corrosion products of zinc by the anodic oxidation method. Zairyo-to-Kankyo 42:377–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nanzyo M, Kanno H (2018) Secondary minerals. In: Nanzyo M, Kanno HF (eds) Inorganic constituents in soil. Springer, Cham

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Nikonow W, Rammlmair D (2016) Risk and benefit of diffraction in X-ray fluorescence mapping (μ-EDXRF). Spectrochim Acta Part B 125:120–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nikonow W, Rammlmair D (2017) Automated mineralogy based on micro-energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence microscopy (μ-EDXRF) applied to plutonic rock thin sections in comparison to a mineral liberation analyzer. Geosci Instrum Method Data Syst 6:429–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nordstrom DK (2011) Sulfide mineral oxidation. In: Reitner J, Thiel V (eds) Encyclopedia of geobiology: encyclopedia of earth sciences series. Springer, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordstrom DK, Alpers CN (1999) Geochemistry of acid mine waste. In: Plumlee GS, Logsdon MJ (eds) Reviews in Economic Geology: the environmental geochemistry of ore deposits. Part A: Process Techniq Health issues 6A:133–160

  • Orberger B, Wagner C, Tudryn A, Wirth R, Morgan R, Fabris JD, Greneche JM, Rosière C (2014) Micro- to nano-scale characterization of martite from a banded iron formation in India and a lateritic soil in Brazil. Phys Chem Miner 41:651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oyewo OA, Agboola O, Onyango MS, Popoola P, Bobape MF (2018) Chapter 6—current methods for the remediation of acid mine drainage including continuous removal of metals from wastewater and mine dump. In: Prasad MNV, Favas PJD, Maiti SK (eds) Bio-geotechnologies for mine site rehabilitation. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 103–114

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Park CF, MacDiarmid RA (1975) Ore deposits. Freeman WH and Company, San Francisco, p 985

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilchin A (2010) Chapter 1 magnetite: the story of the mineral’s formation and stability. In: Dawn MA (ed) Magnetite: structure, properties and applications. Nova Science Publishers Inc, New York, pp 1–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Plumlee GS, Leach DL, Hofstra AH, Landis GP, Rowan EL, Viets JG (1995) Chemical reaction path modeling of ore deposition in mississippi valley-type Pb-Zn deposits of the Ozark region, US Midcontinent; reply. Econom Geol 90(5):1346–1349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plumlee GS, Ziegler TL (2007) The medical geochemistry of dusts, soils, and other earth materials. In: Holland HD, Turekian KK (eds) Treatise on geochemistry, vol 9. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 1–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Posey-Dowty J, Moskowitz B, Crerar D, Hargraves R, Tanenbaum L, Dowty E (1986) Iron oxide and hydroxide precipitation from ferrous solutions and its relevance to Martian surface mineralogy. Icarus 66:105–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pradit S, Pattarathomrong MS, Panutrakul S (2013) Arsenic cadmium and lead concentrations in sediment and biota from Songkhla Lake: a review. Proc Soc Behav Sci 91:573–580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rammlmair D, Grissemann C, Furche M, Noell U, Graupner T, Meima JA, Romero-Baena A (2008) Evidence of reduced water infiltration by microhardpans-electrical resistivity measurements at Peña de Hierro, Rio Tinto, Spain. In: Proceedings of the 9th international congress for applied mineralogy, ICAM 2008, Brisbane, 8–10 Sep. 2008. The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Pub. Series No 8/2008.The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Australia, pp 349–356

  • Rasmy M (1981) Trace-elements content of galenas and associated minerals in some miocene lead-zinc deposits near Red Sea Coast, Egypt. Geol Rundsch 70:874–881

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redwan M, Rammlmair D (2010) Simultaneous monitoring of water saturation and fluid conductivity in unconsolidated sand columns. Soil Sci Soc Am J 74:1457–1468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redwan M, Rammlmair D (2012) Influence of climate, mineralogy and mineral processing on the weathering behaviour within two, low-sulfide, high-carbonate, gold mine tailings in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Environ Earth Sci 65:2179–2193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redwan M, Rammlmair D (2017) Flood hazard assessment and heavy metal distributions around Um Gheig mine area, Eastern Desert, Egypt. J Geochem Explor 173:64–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redwan M, Rammlmair D, Meima JA (2012) Application of mineral liberation analysis in studying micro-sedimentological structures within sulfide mine tailings and their effect on hardpan formation. Sci Total Environ 414:2179–2193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reichert J (2007) A metallogenetic model forcarbonate-hosted non-sulphide zinc deposits based on observations of Mehdi Abad and Irankuh, Central and Southwestern Iran. PhD thesis, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg

  • Reichert J, Borg G (2008) Numerical simulation and a geochemical model of supergene carbonate-hosted non-sulphide zinc deposits. Ore Geol Rev 33:134–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Root RA, Hayes SM, Hammond CM, Maier RM, Chorover J (2015) Toxic metal(loid) speciation during weathering of iron sulfide mine tailings under semi-arid climate. Appl Geochem 62:131–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin H (2005) Pollution | groundwater. In: Hillel D (ed) Encyclopdia of soils in the environment. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 271–281

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ruby MV, Davis A, Nicholson A (1994) In situ formation of lead phosphates in soils as a method to immobilize lead. Environ Sci Technol 28:646–654

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruby MV, Schoof R, Brattin W, Goldade M, Post G, Harnois M, Mosby DE, Casteel SW, Berti W, Carpenter M, Edwards D, Cragin D, Chappell W (1999) Advances in evaluating the oral bioavailability of inorganics in soil for use in human health risk assessment. Environ Sci Technol 33:3697–3705

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Said R (1990) The geology of Egypt. Balkema A A, Rotterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Sangameshwar SR, Barnes HL (1983) Supergene processes in zinc–lead–silver sulfide ores in carbonates. Econ Geol 78:1379–1397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaider LA, Senn DB, Estes ER, Brabander DJ, Shine JP (2014) Sources and fates of heavy metals in a mining-impacted stream: temporal variability and the role of iron oxides. Sci Total Environ 490:456–466

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber BC, El Tabakh M (2000) Deposition and early alteration of evaporates. Sedimentol 47:215–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwertmann U, Thalmann H (1976) The influence of [Fe(II)], [Si] and pH on the formation of lepidocrocite and ferrihydrite during oxidation of aqueous FeCl2 solutions. Clay Miner 14:189–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahwan T, Zunbul B, Akar D (2005) Study of the scavenging behavior and structural changes accompanying the interaction of aqueous Pb2+ and Sr2+ ions with calcite. Geochem J 39:317–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith A, Robertson A, Barton-Bridges J, Hutchison IPG (1992) Prediction of acid generation potential. In: Hutchison IPG, Ellison RD (eds) Mine waste management. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, pp 123–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Szczerba M, Sawlowicz Z (2009) Remarks on the origin of cerussite in the Upper Silesian Zn–Pb deposits, Poland. Mineralogy 40:54–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi T (1960) Supergene alteration of zinc and lead deposits in limestone. Econ Geol 55:1083–1115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor P, Lopata VJ (1984) Stability and solubility relationships between some solids in the system PbO–CO2–H2O. Can J Chem 62:395–402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson A, Chadwick OA, Rancourt DG, Chorover J (2006) Iron–oxide crystallinity increases during soil redox oscillations. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 70:1710–1727

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turekian KK, Wedepohl KH (1961) Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust. Geol Soc Am Bull 72:175–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • USEPA (1986) Test methods for evaluating solid waste, vol IA, EPA/SW-846, 3rd edn. National Technical Information Service, Springfield

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren J (2016) Halide minerals. In: White W (ed) Encyclopedia of geochemistry: encyclopedia of earth sciences series. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Younger PL, Banwart SA, Hedin RS (2002) Mine water — hydrology, pollution, remediation. MA, Kluwer Academic Press, Norwell

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y, Marriott SB (2013) Dispersion and remobilisation of heavy metals in the River Severn system, UK. Proc Environ Sci 18:167–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the DAAD and the Egyptian government to finance the first author (programme/-ID: GERSS, 2018 (57397533)). This work was logistically supported by the University of Sohag and analytically by BGR Hannover. We also thank Dominic Göricke, Donald Henry, and Frank Korte for helping in the analytical work. The authors wish to thank four anonymous reviewers and the editor for their useful comments and suggestions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt

    Mostafa Redwan

  2. BGR Hannover, Stilleweg 2, 30655, Hannover, Germany

    Dieter Rammlmair & Khulan Berkh

Authors
  1. Mostafa Redwan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dieter Rammlmair
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Khulan Berkh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mostafa Redwan.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Redwan, M., Rammlmair, D. & Berkh, K. Secondary minerals in a calcareous environment: an example from Um Gheig Pb/Zn mine site, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Environ Earth Sci 80, 274 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09590-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09590-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation