Abstract
This work describes an integrated solution to face a civil security problem in the area of search and rescue of missing people. This proposal is based on the use of emerging technologies such as unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as drones, and the use of simulated beacons on smartphones. In particular, in the presented tool, drones fly synchronously in a specific area so that each drone uses on-board sensors to scan and detect any signal emitted by bluetooth low energy beacons from smartphones of missing people. This technique allows getting the GPS position of any detected missing person. This work also includes some security issues related to possible attacks focused on the perimeter and physical security.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alpify (2009) Find my family, friends. Phone Safe365—Android App. http://www.safe365.com. Accessed 24 Oct 2017
Bejiga MB, Zeggada A, Melgani F (2016) Convolutional neural networks for near real-time object detection from uav imagery in avalanche search and rescue operations. In: IEEE International geoscience and remote sensing symposium (IGARSS), pp 693–696. doi:10.1109/IGARSS.2016.7729174
Berg RL, Shipp RF, Stevenson Jr KM, Stockard JL, Weiss AA (1970) Inertial navigation system. US Patent 3,509,765
Bluetooth SIG (2011) Bluetooth low energy regulatory aspects version 10, Technical Report
Bluetooth SIG (2017) Exploring bluetooth 5—going the distance. https://blog.bluetooth.com/exploring-bluetooth-5-going-the-distance. Accessed 24 Oct 2017
Childress J, Viniotis J (2014) Autonomous aircraft. Patent US20140251743A1. https://patents.google.com/patent/US20140251743A1/en. Accessed 24 Oct 2017
Chou TY, Yeh ML, Chen YC, Chen YH (2010) Disaster monitoring and management by the unmanned aerial vehicle technology. In: International archives of photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences, Vienna, Austria, vol 38, pp 137–142
Cretu A (2015) Beacon toy—Android app. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.uriio. Accessed 24 Oct 2017
Dickensheets BD (2015) Avadrone: an autonomous drone for avalanche victim recovery. Bachelor’s thesis, Harvard College
Ezequiel CAF, Cua M, Libatique NC, Tangonan GL, Alampay R, Labuguen RT, Favila CM, Honrado JLE, Canos V, Devaney C et al (2014) Uav aerial imaging applications for post-disaster assessment, environmental management and infrastructure development. In: IEEE International conference on unmanned aircraft systems (ICUAS), pp 274–283
Google (2015) Beacon tools—Android app. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.location.beacon.beacontools. Accessed 24 Oct 2017
Google Beacon Platform (2017) Eddystone format. https://developers.google.com/beacons/eddystone. Accessed 24 Oct 2017
Goursaud C, Gorce JM (2015) Dedicated networks for iot: PHY/MAC state of the art and challenges. EAI Endorsed Trans Internet Things 1(1):1–11
Hart PE, Nilsson NJ, Raphael B (1968) A formal basis for the heuristic determination of minimum cost paths. IEEE Trans Syst Sci Cybern 4(2):100–107
Helms D (2015) Altbeacon protocol specification v1.0. https://github.com/AltBeacon/spec. Accessed 24 Oct 2017
Inoue Y, Sashima A, Kurumatani K (2009) Indoor positioning system using beacon devices for practical pedestrian navigation on mobile phone. In: International conference on ubiquitous intelligence and computing, pp 251–265. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02830-4_20
Jang HC, Lien YN, Tsai TC (2009) Rescue information system for earthquake disasters based on manet emergency communication platform. In: ACM International conference on wireless communications and mobile computing: connecting the world wirelessly, pp 623–627. doi:10.1145/1582379.1582514
Kamath S, Lindh J (2010) Measuring bluetooth low energy power consumption. Texas instruments application note AN092, Dallas
LaMarca A, Chawathe Y, Consolvo S, Hightower J, Smith I, Scott J, Sohn T, Howard J, Hughes J, Potter F et al (2005) Place lab: device positioning using radio beacons in the wild. In: International conference on pervasive computing. Lecture notes in computing science vol 3468, pp 116–133
LoRa-Alliance (2017) Lora alliance wide area networks for iot. https://www.lora-alliance.org/. Accessed 24 Oct 2017
Newman N (2014) Apple ibeacon technology briefing. J Direct Data Dig Mark Pract 15(3):222–225. doi:10.1057/dddmp.2014.7
Santos-González I, Rivero-García A, Caballero-Gil P, Hernández-Goya C (2014) Alternative communication system for emergency situations. In: International conference on web information systems and technologies, WEBIST (2), pp 397–402
Silvagni M, Tonoli A, Zenerino E, Chiaberge M (2017) Multipurpose uav for search and rescue operations in mountain avalanche events. Geomat Natl Hazards Risk 8(1):18–33. doi:10.1080/19475705.2016.1238852
Wartes J (1983) Probability density: an aid to search planning. In: Meetings of the National Association of Search and Rescue, pp 36–47
WavIoT (2016) WavIoT NB-Fi LPWAN technology—products and tech description. http://waviot.com/. Accessed 24 Oct 2017
Yim J (2008) Introducing a decision tree-based indoor positioning technique. Expert Syst Appl 34(2):1296–1302. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2006.12.028
Acknowledgements
Research supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, the FEDER Fund, and the CajaCanarias Foundation, under Projects TEC2014-54110-R, RTC-2014-1648-8, MTM2015-69138-REDT and DIG02-INSITU.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lodeiro-Santiago, M., Santos-González, I., Caballero-Gil, P. et al. Secure system based on UAV and BLE for improving SAR missions. J Ambient Intell Human Comput 11, 3109–3120 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-017-0603-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-017-0603-4