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Effect of Ferrocene on Physicochemical Properties of Biochar Extracted from Windmill Palm Tree (Trachycarpus Fortunei)

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Abstract

The transformation of agro-waste into biochar using thermochemical processes aids in the management and disposal of biomass with the potential to provide significant energy. Different biochars exhibit different characteristics and performances depending on the fabrication method employed. Besides, many applications, such as remediation to adsorb heavy metals which favor biochars rich with oxygen-containing functional groups on their surface. Therefore, this study deals with the catalytic carbonization of the rachis part in windmill palm trees with ferrocene at different temperatures (300, 350, 450, and 500 °C), time intervals (25, 40, and 90 min.), and ratios (3:1, 3:2, and 3:3 palm tree: ferrocene ratio) to produce oxidized nanobiochar. The highest electronegativity’s (− 61.8 and − 64 mV) for PTONB were observed when samples were prepared at 350 °C, 90 min., 3:1 PT: F and 350 °C, 25 min., 3:2 PT: F, respectively. Morphological analysis showed that, the carbonization of windmill palm tree at 350 °C, 90 min. without ferrocene give spherical nano-biochar with bulky particle size of 237 nm. However, after ferrocene treatment, the nanobiochar particle size was reduced, ranging from 87 to 3 nm. Thus, the ferrocene/palm tree catalytic carbonization process is highly relevant to decreasing particle sizes. Consequently, based on the findings from physicochemical analyses (e.g., SEM-EDX, ATR-FTIR, X-ray diffraction, and high-resolution TEM), a straightforward and rapid method to synthesize an oxidized nano-biochar, with a wide variety of structural characterizations, at a low temperature in a single step under a muffled atmosphere has been developed.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available upon request from the corresponding author.

Abbreviations

ATR-FTIR:

Attenuated Fourier transformer infrared

EDX:

Energy dispersive X-ray

ESEM:

Environmental scanning electron microscopy

F:

Ferrocene

PT:

Palm tree

PTNB:

Palm tree nanobiochar

PTONB:

Palm tree oxidized nanobiochar

RW:

Residual weight

S1, S2, S3 & S4:

Samples 1, 2, 3 & 4: Carbonization using 3:1(PT: F) for 25 min at 300, 350, 450 & 550 °C

S5 & S6:

Samples 5 & 6: Carbonization for 25 min. at 350 °C using 3:2 and 3:3 (PT:F)

S7 & S8:

Samples 7 & 8: Carbonization using 3:1(PT:F) at 350 °C for 40 and 90 min

TGA:

Thermo-gravimetric analysis

TEM:

Transmission electron micrographs

XRD:

X-ray diffraction analysis

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Funding

This research was partially supported by the Women for Africa Foundation (FMxA) program. The authors thank The Women for Africa Foundation (FMxA) program for this opportunity to complete the project in Material Physics Center (CFM). We kindly acknowledge the financial support of CSIC (I-COOP + 2020 COOPB20502), and the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades code PID2019-104650GB-C21 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Center, 33 El-Bohouth St. (Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt

    Abeer M. Adel & Mona T. Al-Shemy

  2. Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC, UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain

    Javier Martinez-Sabando & Silvina Cerveny

  3. Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, San Sebastián, Spain

    Silvina Cerveny

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  1. Abeer M. Adel
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  2. Javier Martinez-Sabando
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by AMA, JM-S, MTA-S, and SC. The first draft of the manuscript was written by AMA, JM-S, MTA-S, and SC and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Abeer M. Adel.

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Adel, A.M., Martinez-Sabando, J., Al-Shemy, M.T. et al. Effect of Ferrocene on Physicochemical Properties of Biochar Extracted from Windmill Palm Tree (Trachycarpus Fortunei). Waste Biomass Valor 15, 1031–1051 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-023-02201-9

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