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Bioconversion of Alkali Pretreated Hazelnut Shells to Fermentable Sugars for Generation of High Value Products

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Abstract

Hazelnut shells are lignocellulosic by-products of hazelnut processing. As the shells are rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, they have high potential as a raw material for production of food enzymes, biofuel, and various chemicals (acetic acid, furfural and lignin degradation products) after bioprocessing. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of alkali pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis on production of fermentable sugars from hazelnut shells. The hazelnut shells were pretreated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at concentrations of 3–7 % (w/v) for 30–90 min at 121 °C. Pretreatments were evaluated measuring delignification, solid recovery and production of reducing sugars after enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated biomass. Up to 20 % lignin removal was achieved and the highest reducing sugar yield of 318.3 mg/g pretreated biomass (or 91.7 % enzyme conversion efficiency) was obtained from biomass pretreated with 3 % NaOH at a solid to liquid ratio of 1:20 for 60 min. The response surface model predicted the optimal reducing sugar production (357.2 mg/g pretreated biomass) under 3 % NaOH, 1:13 of solid to liquid ratio and 63 min of pretreatment period at 121 °C. Overall, the results of this study show a promise for hazelnut shells to be used in production of value-added products.

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Abbreviations

AIL:

Acid insoluble lignin

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

ASL:

Acid soluble lignin

BBD:

Box–Behnken design

DNS:

3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid

NaOH:

Sodium hydroxide

RSM:

Response surface method

SLR:

Solid to liquid ratio

NREL:

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank The Science Fellowships and Grant Program (TUBITAK-BIDEB) under The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for the scholarship granted to Sibel Uzuner during this research. Special thanks to Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering at North Carolina State University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey

    Sibel Uzuner & Deniz Cekmecelioglu

  2. Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Campus Box 7625, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA

    Sibel Uzuner & Ratna Rani Sharma Shivappa

Authors
  1. Sibel Uzuner
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  2. Ratna Rani Sharma Shivappa
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  3. Deniz Cekmecelioglu
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Correspondence to Deniz Cekmecelioglu.

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Uzuner, S., Sharma Shivappa, R.R. & Cekmecelioglu, D. Bioconversion of Alkali Pretreated Hazelnut Shells to Fermentable Sugars for Generation of High Value Products. Waste Biomass Valor 8, 407–416 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9607-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9607-0

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