Abstract
The leaves of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus are used as an anthelmintic remedy by the tribal communities of upper Assam in India. The present study was carried out to validate the anthelmintic credentials of this plant. Mature and larval Hymenolepis diminuta worms were exposed to varying concentration of methanolic leaf extract of plant and parasites were observed for paralysis and mortality. At the end of the experiment, worms were collected and processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study to observe the effect of extract on tegument of parasite. The in vivo study was carried out in H. diminuta-rat model with 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg concentrations of extract. The in vivo anthelmintic efficacy was assessed by reductions in egg per gram (EPG) and worm counts after necropsy of animals. In vitro studies revealed the earliest mortality of larval worms in 1.05 ± 0.04 h by 30 mg/ml concentration and of adult worms in 2.05 ± 0.08 h. SEM study revealed extensive damage to the suckers, body tegument and microtriches of worms treated with 30 mg/ml concentration of extract. In in-vivo studies, 800 mg/kg dose of extract showed highest efficacy, with 59% and 54.25% reduction in EPG counts and worm count against juvenile worms, and 63.16% and 66.75% reduction in EPG counts and worm counts, respectively against adult worms. Although the effects were comparatively less than the reference drug, nevertheless this study reveals that P. thyrsiflorus possess anthelmintic efficacy and justify its use in traditional medicine against intestinal-worm infections.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All generated data have been incorporated in this article.
Code availability
All data, materials and software application support the claims and comply with field standards.
References
Bazh EKA, El-Bahy NM (2013) In vitro and in vivo screening of anthelmintic activity of ginger and curcumin on Ascaridia galli. Parasitol Res 112:3679–3686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-013-3541-x
Beasley EA, Wallace RM, Coetzer A, Nel LH, Pieracci EG (2022) Roles of traditional medicine and traditional healers for rabies prevention and potential impacts on post-exposure prophylaxis: a literature review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16(1):e0010087. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010087
Chakravarty S, Kalita JC (2012) Anti-hyperglycaemic effect of flower of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees on streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2:S1357–S1361
Challam M, Roy B, Tandon V (2010) Effect of Lysimachia ramosa (Primulaceae) on helminth parasites: motility, mortality and scanning electron microscopic observations on surface topography. Vet Parasitol 169(1–2):214–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.12.024
Chanu KV, Devi LG, Srivastava SK, Kataria M, Thakuria D, Kumar S (2021) Methanolic extract of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees leaf induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Ind J Exp Biol 59:153–161
Dai M, Yang X, Yu Y, Pan W (2022) Helminth and Host Crosstalk: New insight into treatment of obesity and its associated metabolic syndromes. Front Immunol 13:827486. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.827486
Deori K, Yadav AK (2016) Anthelmintic effects of Oroxylum indicum stem bark extract on juvenile and adult stages of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda), an in vitro and in vivo study. Parasitol Res 115(3):1275–1285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4864-6
Gogoi S, Yadav AK (2016) In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic effects of Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Roxb. leaf extract on Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) and Syphacia obvelata (Nematoda). J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 5(4):427–433. https://doi.org/10.5455/jice.20160821024821
Idris OA, Wintola OA, Afolayan AJ (2022) Anthelmintic potency of Rumex crispus L. extracts against Caenorhabditis elegans and non-targeted identification of the bioactive compounds. Saudi J Biol Sci 29(1):541–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.026
Jeza VT, Mutuku F, Kaduka L, Mwandawiro C, Masaku J, Okoyo C, Kanyi H, Kamau J, Ng’ang’a Z, Kihara JH (2022) Schistosomiasis, soil transmitted helminthiasis, and malaria co-infections among women of reproductive age in rural communities of Kwale County, coastal Kenya. BMC Public Health 22:136. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12526-0
Kaliappan S, Ramanujam K, Manuel M, Farzana J, Janagaraj V, Laxmanan S, Muliyil J, Sarkar R, Kang G, Walson J, Ajjampur S (2022) Soil-transmitted helminth infections after mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis in rural southern India. Trop Med Int Health 27(1):81–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13697
Khare CP (2007) Indian medicinal plants: an illustrated dictionary. Springer Science and Business Media, USA, pp 453, 478
Komor P, Devi OS (2016) Edible bioresources & livelihoods. Assam State Biodiversity Board, Guwahati. pp 292
Kumar A, Bidyapani T, Digvijay S, Sharma NR, Mohan A (2017) Study of phytochemical compositions of leaves extracts of Phlogacanthus thyrsiformis, its antibacterial and silver nanoparticle derived cell cytotoxicity on HeLa cell line. J Pharm Res 11(12):1513–1517
Molla SH, Bandyopadhyay PK (2016) In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of Murraya koenigii against gastro-intestinal nematodes of sheep. J Parasit Dis 40:362–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-014-0510-y
Mowla TE, Zahan S, Sami SA, Uddin SMN, Rahman M (2022) Potential effects and relevant lead compounds of Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper seeds against bacterial infection, helminthiasis, thrombosis and neuropharmacological disorders. Saudi J Biol Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.038
Mukherjee A, Chaliha M, Das S (2009) Study of analgesic activity of ethanol extract of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus on experimental animal models Bangladesh. J Pharmacol 4:147–149
Ningombam DS, Singh PK (2014) Ethnobotanical study of Phologacanthus thyrsiformis Nees: conserved medicinal plant of Manipur Northeast India. Int J Herbal Med 1(5):10–14
Roy B, Swargiary A, Giri BR (2012) Alpinia nigra (family Zingiberaceae): an anthelmintic medicinal plant of North-East India. Adv Life Sci 2(3):39–51. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.als.20120203.01
Saikia D, Baruah PS, Hasnu S, Natha S, Akhtar S, Tanti B (2018) Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of leaf extract of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees.–a medicinal plant of Assam. India. Biosci Discov 9(2):237–243
Singh AK, Kumar A (2022) Medicinal value of the leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis: a review. J Med Plants Stud 10(1):205–207. https://doi.org/10.22271/plants.2022.v10.i1c.1381
Singh SA, Singh NR (2010) Antimicrobial activity of Cassia didymobotrya and Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus. J Chem Pharm Res 2:304–308
Soren AD, Yadav AK (2021) In vitro anthelmintic efficacy of Sesbania sesban var. bicolor, Cyperus compressus and Asparagus racemosus against Gastrothylax crumenifer (Trematoda). Proc Zool Soc 74:262–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12595-021-00370-w
Soren AD, Chen RP, Yadav AK (2021) In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic study of Sesbania sesban var. bicolor, a traditionally used medicinal plant of Santhal tribe in Assam. India. J Parasit Dis 45(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-020-01267-9
Tassa BD, Gogoi G, Das S (2012) A comparative study of the hypolipidaemic and antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts of leaves of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus, Oxalis corniculata and Fragaria vesca in albino rats. Asian J Pharm Biol Res 2:12–18
Tiwary BK, Bihani S, Kumar A, Chakraborty R, Ghosh R (2015) The in vitro cytotoxic activity of ethno-pharmacological important plants of Darjeeling district of West Bengal against different human cancer cell lines. BMC Complement Altern Med 15:22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0543-5
Xavier RP, Mengarda AC, Silva MP, Roquini DB, Salvadori MC, Teixeira FS, Pinto PL, Morais TR, Ferreira LLG, Andricopulo AD, de Moraes J (2020) H1-antihistamines as antischistosomal drugs: in vitro and in vivo studies. Parasit Vectors 13:278. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04140-z
Acknowledgements
Authors thank SAIF, NEHU for the SEM facilities. Fellowship awarded to KD from the UGC, New Delhi is acknowledged.
Funding
This study did not receive any funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
AKY conceptualised and supervised the study. KD performed the experiments. KD, AKY and ADS analysed the data. KD and ADS wrote the first draft. AKY corrected the draft. The final draft was read and approved by all the authors.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All the authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethical approval
All experiments on animals were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (Animal Models) of North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong (Vide, Member Secretary, IEC, NEHU, dated September 1, 2014). Plant was identified at North-Eastern Hill University (Specimen voucher number: NEHU 11920).
Consent to participation
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Deori, K., Yadav, A.K. & Soren, A.D. Anthelmintic efficacy of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus leaf extract on juvenile and adult worms of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda). J Parasit Dis 48, 26–32 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-023-01636-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-023-01636-0