Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Influences of Centrifugal Force on the Microstructure, Metallurgical Features, and Mechanical Behavior of Centrifugally Cast Al-Mg2Si in-situ Functionally Graded Composites

  • Research
  • Published:
Silicon Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In present research, the effect of the amount of Mg addition on both the microstructural and mechanical characteristics of functionally graded A356-Mg2Sip in-situ composites developed via centrifugal casting technique was investigated. This research has been divided into three sections: microstructural analysis, mechanical analysis, and metallurgical analysis of A356-Mg2Si in-situ composites composed of A356 Al matrix with different Mg concentrations (5 and 10%). The matrix material consisted of a commercial pure A356 alloy (Al-7.0Si-0.3 Mg), and the primary Mg2Si reinforcement particles have been produced in-situ using a process based on chemical reaction. Zone-wise the mechanical characteristics of the cast FG composite, such as tensile strengths that are distributed from the innermost to the outermost circumference, have been studied at room temperature as well as elevated temperatures.The optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the structure of the grains and Mg2Si morphologies of FG-composites. X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination was utilized in order to show the presence of composite primary phases in addition to fragmented Mg2Si particles. To establish the presence of α-Al, β-phases, and π-phases in the cast FG-composites, an EDS examination was performed rather than OM and SEM.Whenever the test temperatures increase, the fracture response shows that the type of fracture shifts from mixed mode into ductile mode. Failure occurs at lower temperatures during testing because of the eutectic Si & Fe intermetallics fractures, whereas at higher temperatures the Al matrix softens and reduces the tensile strength associated with the particle–matrix interfaces. The interfacial regions represent the starting points for cracking.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Not applicable. However, all relevant data are included in the article and/or its supplementary information files.

References

  1. Taub AI et al (2007) the evolution of technology for materials processing over the last 50 years: the automotive example. JOM 59:48–57

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Hu L, Wu F, Li X, Chai H, Huang J, Feng Q, Zhou W, Yu Y, Hu J (2022) Fracture behaviors of long-term low-dose-rate neutron-irradiated Al–Mg–Si alloy. Appl Phy Lett 18:121

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ye H (2003) An overview of the development of Al-Si-alloy based material for engine applications. J Mater Eng Perform 12:288–297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ji S, Watson D, Fan Z, White M (2012) Development of a super ductile diecast Al–Mg–Si alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 556:824–833

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ram SC, Chattopadhyay K, Chakrabarty I (2017) High temperature tensile properties of centrifugally cast in-situ Al-Mg2Si functionally graded composites for automotive cylinder block liners. J Alloys Compd 724:84–97

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Javidani M, Larouche D (2014) Application of Al-Si alloys in internal combustionengine components. Int Mater Rev 59:132–157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Zhang J, Fan ZY, Wang YQ, Zhou BL (2000) Hypereutectic aluminium alloy tubeswith graded distribution of Mg2Si particles prepared by centrifugal casting. Mater Des 21:149–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhai Y, Liu C, Wang K, Zou M, Xie Y (2010) Characteristics of two Al based functionally gradient composites reinforced by primary Si particles and Si/in situ Mg2Si particles in centrifugal casting. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 20:361–370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Lin XD, Liu CM, Zhai YB, Wang K (2011) Influences of Si and Mg contents onmicrostructures of Al-xSi-yMg functionally gradient composites reinforcedwith in situ primary Si and Mg2Si particles by centrifugal casting. J Mater Sci 46:1058–1075

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Georgatis E, Lekatou A, Karantzalis AE, Petropoulos H, Katsamakis S, Poulia A (2013) Development of a cast Al-Mg2Si-Si in situ composite: microstructure, heat treatment, and mechanical properties. J Mater Eng Perform 22:729–741

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Lee Y-S, Chaa J-H, Kima S-H, Lim C-Y, Kim H-W (2017) Effect of prehomogenizationdeformation treatment on the workability and mechanical properties of AlMg5Si2Mn alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 685:244–252

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Farahany S, Nordin NA, Ourdjini A, Abu Bakar TA (2014) EsahHamzah, MohdHasbullahIdris, AlirezaHekmat-Ardakan, The sequence of intermetallic formation andsolidification pathway of an Al–13Mg–7Si–2Cu in-situ composite. Mater Character 98:119–129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Shabestari SG, Saghafian H, Sahihi F, Ghoncheh MH (2015) Investigation on microstructure of Al–25 wt-%Mg2Si composite produced by slope casting and semi-solid forming. Inter J Cast Metals Res 28:158–166

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wang Q (2003) Microstructural effects on the tensile and fracture behavior of aluminum casting alloysA356/357. Metall Mater Trans A 34:2887–2899

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Wang Q, Caceres C, Griffiths J (2003) Damage by eutectic particle cracking in aluminum casting alloys A356/357. Metall Mater Trans A 34:2901–2912

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Shaha S, Czerwinski F, Kasprzak W, Chen D (2014) Tensile and compressive deformation behavior of the Al–Si–Cu–Mg cast alloy with additions of Zr, V and Ti. Mater Des 59:352–358

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Shaha SK, Czerwinski F, Kasprzak W, Friedman J, Chen DL (2016) Ageing characteristics and high temperaturetensile properties of Al–Si–Cu–Mg alloys with micro-additions of Cr, Ti, V and Zr. Mater Sci Eng A 652:353–364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Stadler F, Antrekowitsch H, Fragner W, Kaufmann H, Uggowitzer PJ (2011) The effect of ni on the high-temperature strength of Al–Si cast alloys. Mater Sci Forum 690:274–277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Mohamed AMA, Samuel FH (2013) Microstructure, tensile properties and fracture behavior of high temperature Al–Si–Mg–Cu cast alloys. Mater Sci Eng A577:64–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Wang E, Hui X, Chen G (2011) Eutectic Al–Si–Cu–Fe–Mn alloys with enhanced mechanical properties at room and elevated temperature. Mater Des 32:4333–4340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Zamani M, Seifeddine S, Jarfors AEW (2015) High temperature tensiledeformation behavior and failure mechanisms of an Al–Si–Cu–Mg cast alloy, Themicrostructural scale effect. Mater Des 86:361–370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Li B, Wang K, Liu M, Xue H, Zhu Z, Liu C (2013) Effects oftemperature on fracture behavior of Al-based in-situ composites reinforced with Mg2Si and Si particles fabricated by centrifugal casting. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 23:923–930

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Jin Y, Fang H, Chen R, Sun S, Wang S, Su Y, Guo J (2023) Graded distribution and refinement of Mg2Si in Al–Mg2Si alloy prepared by traveling magnetic field. J Mater Res Technol 24:2319–2331

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ram SC, Chattopadhyay K, Bhushan A (2023) A literature review on Al-Si alloy matrix based in situ Al-Mg2Si FG-composites: synthesis, microstructure features, and mechanical characteristics. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part C 237:919–940

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Vajd A, Samadi A (2019) Centrifugal casting of in-situ Al-Mg2Si (1–x) Snx composites: a study of radial segregation. Int J Cast Met Res 32:114–121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Biswas P, Mandal D, Mondal MK (2020) Failures analysis of in-situ Al–Mg2Si composites using actual microstructure based model. Mater Sci Eng A 797:140155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Yadav DK, Mahali M, Gupta SK, Chakrabarty I (2022) Microstructural characterization and mechanical behavior of Al-4 wt% Mg2Si in-situ metal matrix composite synthesis via cooling slope casting technique. Mater Today Proc 62:442–447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Verma RK, Parganiha D, Chopkar M (2021) A review on fabrication and characteristics of functionally graded aluminum matrix composites fabricated by centrifugal casting method. SN Appl Sci 3:1–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Hsu HC, Chou JY, Tuan WH (2016) Preparation of AlN/Cu composites through a reactive infiltration process. J Asian Ceram Soc 4:201–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Shabani MO, Baghani A, Khorram A, Heydari F (2020) Evaluation of fracture mechanisms in Al-Si metal matrix nanocomposites produced by three methods of gravity sand casting, squeeze casting and compo casting in semi-solid state. Silicon 12:2977–2987

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Zhang J, Fan Z, Wang YQ, Zhou BL (2001) Equilibrium pseudobinary Al-Mg2Si phase diagram. Mater Sci Technol 17:494–496

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Emamya M, Emami AR, Khorshidi R, Ghorbani MR (2013) the effect of Fe-rich intermetallics on the microstructure, hardness and tensile properties of Al-Mg2Si die-cast composite. Mater Des 46:881–888

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Elsharkawi EA, Samuel E, Samuel AM, Samuel FH (2010) Effects of Mg, Fe, Be additions and solution heat treatment on the π-AlMgFeSi iron intermetallic phase in Al-7Si-Mg alloys. J Mater Sci 45:1528–1539

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Caceres CH, Davidson CJ, Griffiths JR, Wang QG (1999) the effect of Mg on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of Al-Si-Mg casting alloys. Metall Mater Trans A 30:2611–2618

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Chirita G, Soares D, Silva FS (2008) Advantages of the centrifugal casting technique for the production of structural components with Al-Si alloys. Mater Des 29:20–27

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Zamani M, Seifeddine S, Jarfors AEW (2015) High temperature tensile deformation behavior and failure mechanisms of an Al-Si-Cu-Mg cast alloy d the microstructural scale effect. Mater Des 86:361–370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Shaha SK, Czerwinski F, Kasprzak W, Friedman J, Chen DL (2015) Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si cast alloy with additions of Zr-V-Ti. Mater Des 83:801–812

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Dev S, Aherwar A, Patnaik A (2020) Material selection for automotive piston component using entropy-VIKOR method. Silicon 12:155–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-019-00110-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Kumar PSSR, Mashinini PM (2021) Dry sliding Wear behavior of AA7075 - Al2SiO5 layered nanoparticle material at different temperature condition. Silicon 13:4259–4274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00728-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Rajaram G, Kumaran S, Rao TS (2010) High temperature tensile and wear behaviour of aluminum silicon alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 528:247–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.09.020

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Zamania M, Morini L, Ceschini L, Seifeddine S (2017) The role of transition metal additions on the ambient and elevated temperatureproperties of Al-Si alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 693:42–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Ram SC, Chattopadhyay K, Bhushan A (2023) High temperature dry sliding reciprocating Wear behavior of centrifugally cast A356-Mg2Si in-situ functionally graded composites. Silicon 15:1063–1108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are extremely thankful to Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-India for providing the well equipped laboratories and central Instruments facility (CIF) to conduct the experimental work presented in this manuscript.

Funding

There is no financial support granted by any funding agencies.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tula’s Institute, Dehradun, 248011, India

    S. C. Ram

  2. SMEC, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600127, India

    Awani Bhushan

  3. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, NIT Raipur C.G, Raipur, 492010, India

    Mukesh Raushan Kumar

Authors
  1. S. C. Ram
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Awani Bhushan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mukesh Raushan Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed their full effort during the preparation of the present manuscript and study of the work.

1. Dr. S.C. Ram: Synthesis and characterization, data collection, analysis, and prepared the first draft of the manuscript.

2. Dr.Awani Bhushan: Draft file read approved the final manuscript and consistently guide during draft preparation.

3. Dr.Mukesh Raushan Kumar: Consistently help in experimental work and analysis of microstructural features.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. C. Ram.

Ethics declarations

Ethics Approval

Not applicable.

Consent to Participate

Not applicable.

Consent for Publication

Not applicable.

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ram, S.C., Bhushan, A. & Kumar, M.R. Influences of Centrifugal Force on the Microstructure, Metallurgical Features, and Mechanical Behavior of Centrifugally Cast Al-Mg2Si in-situ Functionally Graded Composites. Silicon 16, 783–800 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-023-02724-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-023-02724-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation