Abstract
The hybrid metal matrix composite is developed through stir casting process. In theAl7075 aluminium matrix material, two different combination of reinforcements are used to make hybrid composite and they are as (i) Al7075 + Al2O3 + SiC and (ii) Al7075 + Al2O3 + egg shell powder. The weight proportion of SiC and egg shell powder varied to study the influence of reinforcement. To validate the hybrid composite developed, electron microscopic imaging, density and hardness measured. Maximum surface hardness of 197 Hv is observed in the composite with 6% egg shell powder. The presence organic egg shell is in the form of calcium oxide which is harder than carbide particle reinforced in the hybrid composite material. It has posse’s natural strength compared to synthetic material and with less in density.The density of egg shell is less compared to SiC and alumina particle reinforcement. Electron images and the corresponding spectroscopic results infer that the reinforcements are equal distributed in the volume of composite. While casting the egg shell has been found in the form of calcium oxide along with aluminium and oxide elements. Since, the composite has less density which is light in weight compared to alumina or silicon carbide. With respect to sliding wear behaviour, the hybrid composite with Sample 1 (3% SiC) and Sample 4 (6% egg shell) has good wear resistance. With increase in hard particle the wear mechanism is abrasion and metal loss trend found increasing. The minimum of 0.25 mm3/min found with less load (10 N) and 0.42 mm3/min for 20 N load. On prolonged exposure more than 40 μm reached for maximum load. Increase in hard particle reinforcement (6% Al2O3 + 6% SiC) has induced severe surface damage due to abrasion on worn surface. Adhesive morphology and minimum wear are noticed with 6% Al2O3 + 6% SiC in hybrid composite. Therefore, it is confirmed that the reduced in hard particle or increase in egg shell may produce expected results on sliding wear behaviour.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.
References
Khan MA, Sundarrajan S, Duraiselvam M, Natarajan S, Senthil Kumar A (2017) Sliding wear behaviour of nickel based superalloy on plasma sprayed coatings. Surf Eng 33(1):35–41. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743294415Y.0000000087
Sambathkumar (2017) Mechanical and corrosion behavior of Al7075 (hybrid) metal matrix composites by two step stir casting process. Lat Am J Solids Struct 14:243–255
Bhoi NK, Singh H, Pratap S (2019) Developments in the aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced by micro/nano particles—a review. J Compos Mater. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998319865307
S.Thirumalai Kumaran, Tae Jo Ko, M. Uthayakumar, M. Adam Khan, (2017) Imran Muhammad, Some experimental investigations on drilling AA (6351)-SiC-B4C composite Materials and Manufacturing Processess 32 (13) 1557–1564. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2017.1279311
Alagarsamy SV, Ravichandran M (2020) Parametric studies on dry sliding wear behaviour of Al-7075 alloy matrix composite using S/N ratio and ANOVA analysis. Mater Res Express 7:016557
Vijaya Ramnath B et al (2014) Evaluation of mechanical properties of aluminium alloy-alumina-boron carbide metal matrix composites. Mater Design 58:332–338
Pramod SL, Bakshi SR, Murty BS (2015) Aluminum-based cast in situ composites: a review. J Mater Eng Perform 24(June):2185–2207
Saravanan S, Ravichandran M, Balan AV, Senthilkumar P (2019) Synthesis and abrasive wear performance of stir cast AA6063-TiC composite materials. SN Appl Sci 1(12):1–7
Nieto A, Yang H, Jiang L, Schoenung JM (2017) Reinforcement size effects on the abrasive wear of boron carbide reinforced aluminum composites. Wear 390–391(March):228–235
Baskaran S, Anandakrishnan V, Duraiselvam M (2014) Investigations on dry sliding wear behavior of in situ casted AA7075–TiC metal matrix composites by using Taguchi technique. Mater Design 60:184–192
Jawahar Chandran C, Radhika Nand Khushal A (2017) Fabrication of light-weight Al LM13/TiS2 metal matrix composites and investigation of its wear characteristics part. Sci Technol 37:456–463
HaqM IU, Anand A (2018) Dry sliding friction and wear behavior of AA7075-Si3N4 composite. Silicon 10:1819–1829
Kumar, Ashok R, Devaraju A, Arunkumar S (2018) Experimental investigation on mechanical behaviour and wear parameters of tic and graphite reinforced aluminium hybrid composites. Materials Today: Proceedings 5(6):14244–14251
Kumar, Ashok R, Devaraju A (2020) Modeling of mechanical properties and high temperature wear behavior of Al7075/SiC/CRS composite using RSM. Silicon:1–21
KokM (2011) Prediction and optimization of abrasive wear model for particle reinforced MMC using statistical analysis. Mater Res Innov 15:366–372
Ramakoteswara Rao V, Ramanaiah N (2016) Mechanical and tribological properties of AA7075–TiC metal matrix composites under heat treated (T6) and cast conditions. J Mater Res Technol 5:377–383
Kumar A, Patnaik A, Bhat IK (2017) Investigation of nickel metal powder on tribological and mechanical properties of Al-7075 alloy composites for gear materials. Powder Metall 60:1–13
Nwobi-Okoye, Chukwuemeka C, Uzochukwu CU (2020) RSM and ANN modeling for production of Al 6351/egg shell reinforced composite: Multi objective optimization using genetic algorithm. Mater Today Commun 22:100674
Samal P, Vundavilli PR (2019) Investigation of impact performance of aluminum metal matrix composites by stir casting. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 653:012047
Samal P, Mandava RK, Vundavilli PR (2020) Dry sliding wear behavior of Al 6082 metal matrix composites reinforced with red mud particles, SN. Applied Sciences 2:313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2136-2
Channabasavanna SG, Venkate Gowda T, Manjunatha LH, Pavankumar R, Shekar S, Shashank M, Kumar C (2020) Development and testing of glass/kenaf inter-ply hybrid polymer composites with egg shell powder as filler. Materials Today: Proceedings
Hassan SB, Aigbodion VS (2015) Effects of eggshell on the microstructures and properties of Al-Cu-Mg/Eggshell particulate composites. J King Saud Univ-Eng Sci 27:49–56
Shamim S, Singh H, Sasikumar C, Yadav DK (2017) Science direct microstructures and mechanical properties of Al-Si-Mg-Ti / egg shell particulate. Composites 4:2887–2892
Bose S, Pandey A, Mondal A (2018) Science Direct Comparative analysis on aluminum-silicon carbide hybrid green metal matrix composite materials using waste egg shells and snail shell ash as reinforcements 5:27757–27766
S.ThirumalaiKumaran, Tae Jo Ko, M. Uthayakumar, M. Adam Khan, (2017) Imran Muhammad, Some experimental investigations on drilling AA (6351)-SiC-B4C composite Mater Manufacturing Process 32 (13) 1557–1564. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2017.1279311
Uthayakumar M, Thirumalai Kumaran S, Adam Khan M, Skoczypiec S, Bizon W (2018) Microdrilling of AA (6351)-SiC-B4C composite using hybrid micro-ECDM process. J Test Eval 48(4):20180216. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20180216
Gangwar S, Patnaik A, Bhat IK (2016) Tribological and microstructure behavior of quicklime (CaO) filled silicon bronze alloy for bearing material. Silicon 8:601–616
Adam Khan M, Manikandan S, Ebenezer G, Uthayakumar M, Kumaran ST (2019) Solid particle erosion studies on fibre composite with egg shell as filler materials. Int J Surf Sci Eng 13(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSURFSE.2019.097910
Almomani MA, Hayajneh MT, Al-Shrida MM (2020) Investigation of mechanical and tribological properties of hybrid green eggshells and graphite-reinforced aluminum composites. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 42:45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-019-2130-z
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by S. Arun Kumar,and A. Senthil Kumar. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [full name] and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Consent to Participate
All authors happily agree to participate in this research study.
Consent for Publication
All authors give the permission to the Journal to publish this research study.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Arunkumar, S., Kumar, A.S. Studies on Egg Shell and SiC Reinforced Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite for Tribological Applications. Silicon 14, 1959–1967 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-021-00965-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-021-00965-0