Abstract
With the aim to reinforce mechanical properties of glass ionomer cements (GICs), basalt fibers (BF, Ф13.3 μm) with 1 mm and 2 mm length were added into glass powders of commercial self-cure GIC Fuji IX with a series of mass fraction to prepare BF reinforced GICs. Fuji IX without BF was used as control. The influences of BF fibers length and mass fraction on flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), compressive strength (CS) and fracture toughness (FT) were investigated. The results showed that BF could reinforce mechanical properties of GIC significantly (p < 0.05), and the BF reinforced GIC with 7 wt.% (mass ratio in glass powders of GIC) of 2 mm fibers had the optimal mechanical properties in this research. Water sorption (WS), solubility (SL), and flexural properties after water aging of optimal BF reinforced GIC were then investigated and compared with control GIC. The FS of BF reinforced GIC decreased with the increasing of water aging time (p < 0.05), and became comparable with that of control GIC after 1 month of aging time (p > 0.05), while FMs of BF reinforced GIC and control GIC were comparable with each other (p > 0.05) and had no variation after water aging (p > 0.05). The WS of BF reinforced GIC was higher than that of control GIC (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in SL between these two GICs (p > 0.05). In conclusion, BF could be used to reinforce GIC, but the weak interaction between fibers and cement matrix would influence its long-time serving properties, thus further study concerned about increasing interaction between fibers and cement matrix should be taken.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Fonseca RB, Branco CA, Quagliatto PS, Gonçalves LDS, Soares CJ, Carlo HL, Correr-Sobrinho L (2010) Influence of powder/liquid ratio on the radiodensity and diametral tensile strength of glass ionomer cements. J Appl Oral Sci 18(6):577–584
Garoushi S, Vallittu P, Lassila L (2017) Hollow glass fibers in reinforcing glass ionomer cements. Dent Mater 33(2):e86–e93
Sayyedan FS, Fathi MH, Edris H, Doostmohammadi A, Mortazavi V, Hanifi A (2014) Effect of forsterite nanoparticles on mechanical properties of glass ionomer cements. Ceram Int 40(7):10743–10748
Moshaverinia A, Ansari S, Roohpour N, Reshad M, Schricker SR, Chee WW (2011) Effects of N-vinylcaprolactam containing polyelectrolytes on hardness, fluoride release and water sorption of conventional glass ionomers. J Prosthet Dent 105(5):323–331
Xie D, Brantley WA, Culbertson BM, Wang G (2000) Mechanical properties and microstructures of glass-ionomer cements. Dent Mater 16(2):129–138
Munhoz T, Karpukhina N, Hill RG, Law RV (2010) Setting of commercial glass ionomer cement Fuji IX by 27Al and 19F MAS-NMR. J Dent 38(4):325–330
Yamazaki T, Brantley W, Culbertson B, Seghi R, Schricker S (2005) The measure of wear in N-vinyl pyrrolidinone (NVP) modifed glass-ionomer cements. Polym Adv Technol 16(2–3):113–116
Elsaka SE, Hamouda IM, Swain MV (2011) Titanium dioxide nanoparticles addition to a conventional glass-ionomer restorative: influence on physical and antibacterial properties. J Dent 39(9):589–598
Garcia-Contreras R, Scougall-Vilchis RJ, Contreras-Bulnes R, Kanda R, Nakajima H (2014) Effects of TiO2 nano glass ionomer cements against normal and cancer oral cells. In Vivo 28(5):895–907
Petri DFS, Donegá J, Benassi AM, Bocangel JAJS (2007) Preliminary study on chitosan modified glass ionomer restoratives. Dent Mater 23(8):1004–1010
Kumar RS, Ravikumar N, Kavitha S, Mahalaxmi S, Jayasree R, Kumar TSS, Haneesh M (2017) Nanochitosan modified glass ionomer cement with enhanced mechanical properties and fluoride release. Int J Biol Macromol 104:1860–1865
Silva RM, Pereira FV, Mota FAP, Watanabe E, Soares SMCS, Santos MH (2016) Dental glass ionomer cement reinforced by cellulose microfibers and cellulose nanocrystals. Mater Sci Eng C 58:389–395
Alatawi RAS, Elsayed NH, Mohamed WS (2018) Influence of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the properties of glass ionomer cement. J Mater Res Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2018.01.010
Hammouda IM (2009) Reinforcement of conventional glass-ionomer restorative material with short glass fibers. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2(1):73–81
Garoushi SK, He J, Vallittu PK, Lassila LV (2018) Effect of discontinuous glass fibers on mechanical properties of glass ionomer cement. Acta Biomaterialia Odontologica Scandinavica 4(1):72–80
Deák T, Czigány T (2009) Chemical composition and mechanical properties of basalt and glass fibers: a comparison. Text Res J 79(7):645–651
Ross A (2006) Basalt fibers: alternative to glass? Compos Technol 12(4)
Iorio M, Santarelli ML, González-Gaitano G, González-Benito J (2018) Surface modification and characterization of basalt fibers as potential reinforcement of concretes. Appl Surf Sci 427:1248–1256
Manikandan V, Jappes JTW, Kumar SMS, Amuthakkannan P (2012) Investigation of the effect of surface modifications on the mechanical properties of basalt fibre reinforced polymer composites. Compos Part B 43(2):812–818
Dhand V, Mittal G, Rhee KY, Park SJ, Hui D (2015) A short review on basalt fiber reinforced polymer composites. Compos Part B 73:166–180
Novitskii AG (2004) High-temperature heat-insulating materials based on fibers from basalt-type rock materials. Refract Ind Ceram 45(2):144–146
Chen X, Zhang Y, Huo H, Wu Z (2018) Study of high tensile strength of natural continuous basalt fibers. J Nat Fibers:1–9
Wei B, Cao H, Song S (2010) Tensile behavior contrast of basalt and glass fibers after chemical treatment. Mater Des 31(9):4244–4250
Militký J, Kovačič V, Rubnerova J (2002) Influence of thermal treatment on tensile failure of basalt fibers. Eng Fract Mech 69(9):1025–1033
Deák T, Czigány T, Maršálková M, Militký J (2010) Manufacturing and testing of long basalt fiber reinforced thermoplastic matrix composites. Polym Eng Sci 50(12):2448–2456
Bashtannik PI, Kabak AI, Yakovchuk YY (2003) The effect of adhesion interaction on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic basalt plastics. Mech Compos Mater 39(1):85–88
Botev M, Betchev H, Bikiaris D, Panayiotou C (1999) Mechanical properties and viscoelastic behavior of basalt fiber-reinforced polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 74(3):523–531
Czigány T (2005) Basalt fiber reinforced hybrid polymer composites//materials science forum. Trans Tech Publ 473:59–66
Garoushi S, Säilynoia E, Vallittu PK, Lassila LVJ (2013) Physical properties and depth of cure of a new short fiber reinforced composite. Dent Mater:835–841
Ghasemzadehbarvarz M, Duchesne C, Rodrigue D (2015) Mechanical, water sorption, and aging properties of polypropylene/flax/glass fiber hybrid composites. J Compos Mater 49:3781–3798
Sharafeddin F, Tondari A, Alavi AA (2013) The effect of adding glass and polyethylene fibers on flexural strength of three types of glass-Ionomer cements. Res J Biologic Sci 8:66–70
Li Q, Tang C, Liu F, He J (2018) The physiochemical properties of dental resin composites reinforced with milled E-glass fibers. Silicon 10(5):1999–2007
Xie D, Brantley WA, Culbertson BM, Wang G (2000) Mechanical properties and microstructure of glass-ionomer cements. Dent Mater 16:129–138
Dowling AH, Fleming G, McGinley EL, Addison O (2012) Improving the standard of the standard for glass ionomer: an alternative to the compressive fracture strength test for consideration. J Dent 40:189–201
Garoushi S, Vallittu PK, Lassila L (2011) Fracture toughness, compressive strength and load-bearing capacity of short glass fibre-reinforced composite resin. Chin J Dental Res 14:15–24
Dyer SR, Lassila LV, Jokinen M, Vallittu PK (2004) Effect of fibre position and orientation on fracture load of fibre-reinforced composite. Dent Mater 20:947–955
Algera TJ, Kleverlaan CJ, Prahl-Andersen B, Feilzer AJ (2006) The influence of environmental conditions on the material properties of setting glass-ionomer cements. Dent Mater 22(9):852–856
Culbertson BM (2001) Glass-ionomer dental restoratives. Prog Polym Sci 26(4):577–604
Moshaverinia A, Roohpour N, Rehman IU (2009) Synthesis and characterization of a novel fast-set proline-derivative-containing glass ionomer cement with enhanced mechanical properties. Acta Biomater 5(1):498–507
Miyazaki M, Moore BK, Onose H (1996) Effect of surface coatings on flexural properties of glass ionomers. Eur J Oral Sci 104(5–6):600–604
Miettinen VM, Vallittu PK (1997) Water sorption and solubility of glass fiber reinforced denture polymethyl methacrylate resin. J Prosthet Dent 77:531–534
Miettinen VM, Narva K, Vallittu PK (1999) Water sorption, solubility and post-curing of glass fibre reinforced polymers. Biomaterials 20:1187–1194
Lee SO, Rhee KY, Park SJ (2015) Influence of chemical surface treatment of basalt fibers on interlaminar shear strength and fracture toughness of epoxy-based composites. J Ind Eng Chem 32:153–156
Kobayashi M, Kon M, Miyai K, Asaoka K (2000) Strengthening of glass-ionomer cement by compounding short fibres with CaO-P2O5-SiO2-Al2O3 glass. Biomaterials 21(20):2051–2058
Matkó S, Anna P, Marosi G, Szep A, Keszei S, Czigany T, Pölöskei K (2003) Use of reactive surfactants in basalt fiber reinforced polypropylene composites//macromolecular symposia. Weinheim: WILEY-VCH Verlag 202(1): 255–268
Acknowledgements
This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation (No.81970974) of China.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bao, X., Garoushi, S.K., Liu, F. et al. Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Glass Ionomer Cements with Basalt Fibers. Silicon 12, 1975–1983 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-019-00312-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-019-00312-4