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Frailty Is a Risk Factor for Falls in the Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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  • Published:
The journal of nutrition, health & aging

Abstract

Objectives

There is little evidence in the literature about the relationship between frailty and falls in older adults. Our objective was to explore the relationship between frailty and falls, and to analyze the effect factors (e.g., gender, different frailty assessment tools, areas, level of national economic development, and year of publication) of the association between frailty and falls among older adults.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Setting and Participants

Cohort studies that evaluated the association between frailty and falls in the older adults were included. We excluded any literature outside of cohort studies.

Methods

We did a systematic literature search of English databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, and SciElO, as well as the Chinese databases CNKI, WANFANG, and VIP from 2001 until October 2022. The eligible studies were evaluated for potential bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Study selection, data extraction and assessment of study quality were each conducted by two investigators. In Stata/MP 17.0 software, we calculated pooled estimates of the prevalence of falls by using a random-effects model, Subgroup analysis was conducted based on gender, different frailty assessment tools, areas, level of economic development, and year of publication. The results are presented using a forest plot.

Results

Twenty-nine studies were included in this meta-analysis and a total of 1,093,270 participants aged 65 years and above were enrolled. Among the older adults, frailty was significantly associated with a higher risk for falls, compared with those without frailty (combined RR-relative risk = 1.48, 95% CI-confidence interval: 1.27–1.73, I2=98.9%). In addition, the results of subgroup analysis indicated that men had a higher risk for falls than women among the older adults with frailty (RR 1.94, 95% CI: 1.18–3.2 versus RR 1.44, 95% CI: 1.24–1.67). Subgroup analysis by different frailty assessment tools revealed an increased risk of falls in older adults with frailty when assessed using the Frailty Phenotype (combined RR 1.32, 95%CI: 1.17–1.48), FRAIL score (combined RR 1.82, 95%CI: 1.36–2.43), and Study of Osteoporotic Fractures index (combined RR 1.54, 95%CI: 1.10–2.16). Furthermore, subgroup analysis by areas and level of national economic development found the highest fall risk in Oceania (combined RR 2.35, 95%CI: 2.28–2.43) and the lowest in Europe (combined RR 1.20, 95%CI: 1.05–1.38). Developed countries exhibited a lower fall risk compared to developing countries (combined RR 1.44, 95%CI: 1.21–1.71). Analysis by year of publication showed the highest fall risk between 2013–2019 (combined RR 1.79, 95%CI: 1.45–2.20) and the lowest between 2001–2013 (combined RR 1.21, 95%CI: 1.13–1.29).

Conclusion

Frailty represents a significant risk factor for falls in older adults, with the degree of risk varying according to the different frailty assessment tools employed, and notably highest when using the FRAIL scale. Additionally, factors such as gender, areas, level of national economic development, and healthcare managers’ understanding of frailty may all impact the correlation between frailty and falls. Thus, it’s imperative to select suitable frailty diagnostic tools tailored to the specific characteristics of the population in question. This, in turn, facilitates the accurate identification of frailty in older adults and informs the development of appropriate preventive and therapeutic strategies to mitigate fall risk.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, No.107, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China

    Z.-C. Yang, H. Lin, Y.-H. Chu, J.-H. Gao & Zhi-hao Wang

  2. Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, No.107, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China

    Z.-C. Yang, H. Lin, Y.-H. Chu, J.-H. Gao & Zhi-hao Wang

  3. School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

    Z.-C. Yang

  4. Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

    G.-H. Jiang & Z.-J. Tong

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  1. Z.-C. Yang
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Contributions

Author Contributions: Zhi-cheng Yang contributed to the performance of the study, analyzed and interpreted the data, and wrote the manuscript. Gui-hua Jiang contributed to the study’s performance and data interpretation; Ying-hong Chu and Ji-hong Gao contributed to the data analysis; He Lin and Zhou-jie Tong contributed to manuscript revision.

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Correspondence to Zhi-hao Wang.

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Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethical standards: This meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines and used data from previously published articles. No primary data collection involving humans or animals was conducted. Research methods and data analysis were performed transparently and rigorously.

Financial support: This work was funded by the research grants from Clinical Research Center of Shandong University (No.2020SDUCRCC027), Taishan Scholars (No. tsqn202103146), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82070392, 81702194, 81801953), Key research and development program of Shandong Province (2019GSF108041).

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Yang, ZC., Lin, H., Jiang, GH. et al. Frailty Is a Risk Factor for Falls in the Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Nutr Health Aging 27, 487–495 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-023-1935-8

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