Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Association between Sarcopenia and Fall Risk According to the Muscle Mass Adjustment Method in Japanese Older Outpatients

  • Brief Reports
  • Published:
The journal of nutrition, health & aging

Abstract

We investigated whether the association between sarcopenia and fall risk (FR) differs according to the muscle mass adjustment method in 357 outpatients who were not disabled in the activities of daily living or indicated for orthopedic surgery. Sarcopenia was diagnosed by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 criteria, using adjusting methods of muscle mass by height squared (ht2), body mass index (BMI), or any of these (i.e., ht2-adjusted Sarc”, “BMI-adjusted Sarc”, or “ht2 and/or BMI-adjusted Sarc, respectively). FR was defined by FR index ≥10. There were 111, 105, and 157 participants with ht2-adjusted, BMI-adjusted, and ht2 and/or BMI-adjusted Sarc, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, ht2 and/or BMI-adjusted Sarc was the most closely associated with FR [odds ratio and 95% confidence interval: 2.94, 1.75–4.93]. Our data suggest that the sarcopenia definition using low ASM/ht2 and/or ASM/BMI muscle mass might better predict adverse outcomes in older patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1

References

  1. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, Martin FC, Michel JP, Rolland Y, Schneider SM, Topinkova E, Vandewoude M, Zamboni M. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2010;39:412–423. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afq034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T, Cooper C, Landi F, Rolland Y, Sayer AA, Schneider SM, Sieber CC, Topinkova E, Vandewoude M, Visser M, Zamboni M. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 2019;48:16–31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz046.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Chou MY, Iijima K, Jang HC, Kang L, Kim M, Kim S, Kojima T, Kuzuya M, Lee JSW, Lee SY, Lee WJ, Lee Y, Liang CK, Lim JY, Lim WS, Peng LN, Sugimoto K, Tanaka T, Won CW, Yamada M, Zhang T, Akishita M, Arai H. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020;21:300–307.e2. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Bhasin S, Travison TG, Manini TM, Patel S, Pencina KM, Fielding RA, Magaziner JM, Newman AB, Kiel DP, Cooper C, Guralnik JM, Cauley JA, Arai H, Clark BC, Landi F, Schaap LA, Pereira SL, Rooks D, Woo J, Woodhouse LJ, Binder E, Brown T, Shardell M, Xue QL, D’Agostino RB, Sr., Orwig D, Gorsicki G, Correa-De-Araujo R, Cawthon PM. Sarcopenia definition: The position statements of the Sarcopenia Definition and Outcomes Consortium. J Am Geriatr Soc 2020;68:1410–1418. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR, Garry PJ, Lindeman RD. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:755–763. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009520.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Studenski SA, Peters KW, Alley DE, Cawthon PM, McLean RR, Harris TB, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Fragala MS, Kenny AM, Kiel DP, Kritchevsky SB, Shardell MD, Dam TT, Vassileva MT. The FNIH sarcopenia project: rationale, study description, conference recommendations, and final estimates. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014;69:547–558. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glu010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Moon JH, Kim KM, Kim JH, Moon JH, Choi SH, Lim S, Lim JY, Kim KW, Park KS, Jang HC. Predictive values of the new sarcopenia index by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Sarcopenia Project for mortality among older korean adults. PLoS One 2016;11:e0166344. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Kinoshita K, Satake S, Matsui Y, Arai H. Quantifying muscle mass by adjusting for body mass index is the best for discriminating low strength and function in Japanese older outpatients. J Nutr Health Aging 2020 Epub ahead of print. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1557-3.

  9. Ishimoto Y, Wada T, Kasahara Y, Kimura Y, Fukutomi E, Chen W, Hirosaki M, Nakatsuka M, Fujisawa M, Sakamoto R, Ishine M, Okumiya K, Otsuka K, Matsubayashi K. Fall Risk Index predicts functional decline regardless of fall experiences among community-dwelling elderly. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012;12:659–666. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00837.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Katz S, Ford AB, Moskowitz RW, Jackson BA, Jaffe MW. Studies of illness in the aged. The index of ADL: A standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. JAMA 1963;185:914–919. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1963.03060120024016.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Heymsfield SB, Smith R, Aulet M, Bensen B, Lichtman S, Wang J, Pierson RN, Jr. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: measurement by dual-photon absorptiometry. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:214–218. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/52.2.214.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Matsui Y, Fujita R, Harada A, Sakurai T, Nemoto T, Noda N, Toba K. Association of grip strength and related indices with independence of activities of daily living in older adults, investigated by a newly-developed grip strength measuring device. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014;14 Suppl 2:77–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Toba K, Okochi J, Takahashi T, Matsubayashi K, Nishinaga M, Yamada S, Takahashi R, Nishijima R, Kobayashi Y, Machida A, Akishita M, Sasaki H. [Development of a portable fall risk index for elderly people living in the community]. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 2005;42:346–352. doi: https://doi.org/10.3143/geriatrics.42.346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Wada T, Ishimoto Y, Hirosaki M, Konno A, Kasahara Y, Kimura Y, Nakatsuka H, Sakamoto R, Ishine M, Okumiya K, Fujisawa M, Otsuka K, Matsubayashi K. Twenty-one-item fall risk index predicts falls in elderly community-dwelling Japanese. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009;57:2369–2371. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02591.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. Functional evaluation: The Barthel Index. Md State Med J 1965;14:61–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sheikh JI. Geriatric depression scale (GDS). Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clin Gerontol 1986;5:165–173. doi: https://doi.org/10.1300/j018v05n01_09.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ministry of Health LaW, Japan. Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2020). https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/10904750/000586553.pdf. Accessed 19 January 2021.

  18. Manini TM, Patel SM, Newman AB, Travison TG, Kiel DP, Shardell MD, Pencina KM, Wilson KE, Kelly TL, Massaro JM, Fielding RA, Magaziner J, Correa-de-Araujo R, Kwok TCY, Hirani V, Karlsson MK, D’Agostino RB, Sr., Mellström D, Ohlsson C, Ribom E, Jordan JM, Bhasin S, Cawthon PM. Identification of sarcopenia components that discriminate slow walking speed: A pooled data analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 2020; 68:1419–1428. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Hubbard RE, Lang IA, Llewellyn DJ, Rockwood K. Frailty, body mass index, and abdominal obesity in older people. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010;65:377–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Bauer JM, Morley JE. Editorial: Body composition measurements in older adults. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2020;23:1–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Schaap LA, Koster A, Visser M. Adiposity, muscle mass, and muscle strength in relation to functional decline in older persons. Epidemiol Rev. 2013;35:51–65. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxs006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Gu Y, Li X, Zhang Q, Liu L, Meng G, Wu H, et al. Grip strength and depressive symptoms in a large-scale adult population: The TCLSIH cohort study. J Affect Disord. 2021;15:222–228. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all study participants and staff of the Frailty Clinic in our institute for their cooperation and contribution to this study. We also thank Editage (http://www.editage.com) for English language editing.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Frailty Prevention, Department of Frailty Research, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan

    K. Kinoshita & Shosuke Satake

  2. Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan

    K. Kinoshita

  3. Center for Frailty and Locomotive Syndrome, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan

    Shosuke Satake & Y. Matsui

  4. National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan

    H. Arai

Authors
  1. K. Kinoshita
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shosuke Satake
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Y. Matsui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. H. Arai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Authors’ contributions: Kaori Kinoshita conceived the study design, performed the data analysis, interpreted the results, and drafted the initial manuscript. Shosuke Satake collected the data, conceived the study design, interpreted the results, contributed to discussions, and had primary responsibility for the final content. Yasumoto Matsui was responsible for project management, collected the data, interpreted the results, and contributed to discussions. Hidenori Arai collected the data, interpreted the results, contributed to discussions, and supervised the study. All authors critically revised the manuscript for intellectual content and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shosuke Satake.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest: All authors declare no conflict of interest in the present study.

Additional information

Sources of Support: This study was supported in part by Research Funding for Longevity Sciences from the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Japan (grant number 29-12, 30-6). No grant provider played any role in the design, analysis, or writing of this article.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kinoshita, K., Satake, S., Matsui, Y. et al. Association between Sarcopenia and Fall Risk According to the Muscle Mass Adjustment Method in Japanese Older Outpatients. J Nutr Health Aging 25, 762–766 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-021-1620-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-021-1620-8

Key words

Search

Navigation