Abstract
Ideal biodegradable materials exhibit suitable degradation rates and sufficient mechanical properties for their specific application. With these parameters in mind, Zn–Mg/Mg–Zn–hydroxyapatite (HAp) laminated composites were designed and fabricated by spark plasma sintering. This paper describes the structure, mechanical properties, in vitro corrosion resistance, and cytotoxicity of the Zn–Mg/Mg–Zn–HAp laminated composites. The compressive strength and elastic moduli of the laminated composites matched that of cortical bone and could effectively reduce the stress shielding effect as an implant with good biomechanical compatibility. Analysis of the fracture path and morphology after fracture toughness tests indicated that the Zn–Mg/Mg–Zn–HAp laminated composites exhibited significant capacity to prevent crack propagation, improving the fracture toughness. In vitro degradation experiments showed that the design of the laminated structure can provide a gradient degradation rate for the material. Furthermore, the laminated composites exhibited excellent biocompatibility and are promising candidates for orthopedic implants.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Zheng YF, Gu XN, Witte F. Biodegradable metals. Mater Sci Eng R Rep. 2014;77:1.
Witte F, Hort N, Vogt C, Cohen S, Kainer KU, Willumeit R, Feyerabend F. Degradable biomaterials based on magnesium corrosion. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci. 2008;12:63.
Niinomi M, Nakai M, Hieda J. Development of new metallic alloys for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater. 2012;8:3888.
Atrens A, Song GL, Liu M, Shi Z, Cao F. Review of recent developments in the field of magnesium corrosion. Adv Eng Mater. 2015;17:400.
Atrens A, Song GL, Cao F, Shi Z, Bowen PK. Advances in Mg corrosion and research suggestions. J Magnes Alloys. 2013;1:177.
Atrens A, Liu M, Zainal Abidin NI. Corrosion mechanism applicable to biodegradable magnesium implants. Mater Sci Eng B. 2011;176:1609.
Purnama A, Hermawan H, Couet J, Mantovani D. Assessing the biocompatibility of degradable metallic materials: state-of-the-art and focus on the potential of genetic regulation. Acta Biomater. 2010;6:1800.
Song GL, Atrens A. Understanding magnesium corrosion—a framework for improved alloy performance. Adv Eng Mater. 2003;5:837.
Zhang S, Zhang X, Zhao C, Jia N, Li YS, Chao Y, Xie HR, Tao Y, Zhang YH, He Y, Jiang Y, Bian Y. Research on an Mg–Zn alloy as a degradable biomaterial. Acta Biomater. 2010;6(2):626.
Zhang E, Xu L, Yu G, Pan F, Yang K. In vivo evaluation of biodegradable magnesium alloy bone implant in the first 6 months implantation. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2010;90(3):882.
Cai S, Lei T, Li N, Feng F. Effects of Zn on microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Mg–Zn alloys. Mater Sci Eng C. 2012;32:2570.
Seitz JM, Durisin M, Goldman J, Drelich JW. Recent advances in biodegradable metals for medical sutures: a critical review. Adv Healthc Mater. 2015;2015(4):1915.
Bowen PK, Drelich J, Goldman J. Zinc exhibits ideal physiological corrosion behavior for bioabsorbable stents. Adv Mater. 2013;2013(25):2577.
Gong H, Wang K, Strich R, Zhou JG. In vitro biodegradation behavior, mechanical properties, and cytotoxicity of biodegradable Zn–Mg alloy. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2015;103(8):1632.
Murni NS, Dambatta MS, Yeap SK, Froemming GRA, Hermawan H. Cytotoxicity evaluation of biodegradable Zn–3Mg alloy toward normal human osteoblast cells. Mater Sci Eng C. 2015;49:560.
Vojtěch D, Kubásek J, Šerák J, Novák P. Mechanical and corrosion properties of newly developed biodegradable Zn-based alloys for bone fixation. Acta Biomater. 2011;7:3515.
Cheng J, Liu B, Wu YH, Zheng YF. Comparative in vitro study on pure metals (Fe, Mn, Mg, Zn and W) as biodegradable metals. J Mater Sci Technol. 2013;29:619.
Li T, Zhang H, He Y, Wen N, Wang X. Microstructure, mechanical properties and in vitro degradation behavior of a novel biodegradable Mg–1.5Zn–0.6Zr–0.2Sc alloy. J Mater Sci Technol. 2015;31:744.
Staiger MP, Pietak AM, Huadmai J, Dias G. Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: a review. Biomaterials. 2006;27(9):1728.
Zhou W, Shen T, Aung NN. Effect of heat treatment on corrosion behaviour of magnesium alloy AZ91D in simulated body fluid. Corros Sci. 2010;52(3):1035.
Zeng R, Dietzel W, Witte F, Hort N, Blawert C. Progress and challenge for magnesium alloys as biomaterials. Adv Eng Mater. 2008;10B:3.
Krause A, Bormann D, Krause C, Bach FW, Windhagen H, Lindenberg AM. Degradation behaviour and mechanical properties of magnesium implants in rabbit tibiae. J Mater Sci. 2010;2010(45):624.
Li Nan, Zheng Yufeng. Novel magnesium alloys developed for biomedical application: a review. J Mater Sci Technol. 2013;29:489.
Chen YJ, Xu ZG, Smith C, Sankar J. Recent advances on the development of magnesium alloys for biodegradable implants. Acta Biomater. 2014;10:4561.
Liu Y-H, Yan L-M, Hou X-H, Huang D-N, Zhang J-B, Shen J. Precipitates and corrosion resistance of an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Zr plate with different percentage reduction per passes. Rare Met. 2018;37(5):381.
Wen ZH, Wu CJ, Dai CS, Yang FX. Corrosion behaviors of Mg and its alloys with different Al contents in a modified simulated body fluid. J Alloy Compd. 2009;488:392.
Wang J-L, Wan Y, Ma Z-J, Guo Y-C, Yang Z, Wang P, Li J-P. Glass-forming ability and corrosion performance of Mn-doped Mg–Zn–Ca amorphous alloys for biomedical applications. Rare Met. 2018;37(7):579.
Hornberger H, Virtanen S, Boccaccini AR. Biomedical coatings on magnesium alloys—a review. Acta Biomater. 2012;8:2442.
Kubásek J, Vojtěch D. Zn-based alloys as an alternative biodegradable materials. Metal. 2012;5:23.
Yao C, Wang Z, Tay SL, Zhua T, Gao W. Effects of Mg on microstructure and corrosion properties of Zn–Mg alloy. J Alloy Compd. 2014;602(5):101.
Wang X, Lu HM, Li X, Zheng YF. Effect of cooling rate and composition on microstructures and properties of Zn–Mg alloys. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc. 2007;17:122.
Guo H, Khor KA, Boey YC, Miao X. Laminated and functionally graded hydroxyapatite/yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia composites fabricated by spark plasma sintering. Biomaterials. 2003;24(4):667.
Cheng LX, Cui ZQ, Guo PS. Microstructures and mechanical properties of biodegradable magnesium-zinc alloy fabricated by spark plasma sintering. Rare Metal Mat Eng. 2017;46(11):3518.
Zhang E, Yin D, Xu L, Yang L, Yang K. Microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties and biocompatibility of Mg–Zn–Mn alloys for biomedical application. Mater Sci Eng C. 2009;29:987.
Okamoto H. Supplemental literature review of binary phase diagrams: Cs–In, Cs–K, Cs–Rb, Eu–In, Ho–Mn, K–Rb, Li–Mg, Mg–Nd, Mg–Zn, Mn–Sm, O–Sb, and Si–Sr. J Phase Equilib Diffus. 2013;34:251.
Sequeira CAC, Amaral L. Role of Kirkendall effect in diffusion processes in solids. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc. 2014;24:1.
Hodgskinson R, Currey JD, Evans GP. Hardness, an indicator of the mechanical competence of cancellous bone. J Orthop Res. 1989;7(5):754.
Nagels J, Stokdijk M, Rozing PM. Stress shielding and bone resorption in shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2003;12:35.
Mutoh Y, Korda AA, Miyashita Y, Sadasue T. Stress shielding and fatigue crack growth resistance in ferritic–pearlitic steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2007;S468–470:114.
Thamaraiselvi TV, Rajeswari S. Biological evaluation of bioceramic materials—a review. J Trends Biomater Art Organs. 2004;2004(19):9.
Queyreau Sylvain, Monnet Ghiath, Devincre Benoit. Orowan strengthening and forest hardening superposition examined by dislocation dynamics simulations. Acta Mater. 2010;58:5586.
Jamesh MI, Wu G, Zhao Y, Mckenzie DR, Bilek MMM, Chu PK. Electrochemical corrosion behavior of biodegradable Mg–Y–RE and Mg–Zn–Zr alloys in Ringer’s solution and simulated body fluid. Corros Sci. 2015;91:160.
Kubásek J, Vojtěch D, Jablonská E, Pospíšilová I, Lipov J, Ruml T. Structure, mechanical characteristics and in vitro degradation, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity of novel biodegradable Zn–Mg alloys. Mater Sci Eng C. 2016;58:24.
Rosalbino F, Angelini E, Macciò D, Saccone A, Delfino S. Application of EIS to assess the effect of rare earths small addition on the corrosion behaviour of Zn–5% Al (Galfan) alloy in neutral aerated sodium chloride solution. Electrochim Acta. 2009;54(4):1204.
Kraus T, Stefan F, Fischerauer Peter J, Uggowitzer Annelie M, Weinberg S. Magnesium alloys for temporary implants in osteosynthesis: In vivo studies of their degradation and interaction with bone. Acta Biomater. 2012;8(3):1230.
Khalajabadi SZ, Izman S, Marvibaigi M. The effect of MgO on the biodegradation, physical properties and biocompatibility of a Mg/HA/MgO nanocomposite manufactured by powder metallurgy method. J Alloy Compd. 2016;655:266.
Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51305292) and the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province (No. 201801D121089).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, YK., Cui, ZQ., Gong, DQ. et al. Microstructure, fracture behavior, in vitro corrosion resistance, and cytotoxicity of Zn–Mg/Mg–Zn–HAp laminated composites produced by spark plasma sintering. Rare Met. 40, 939–951 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-019-01361-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-019-01361-9