Abstract
A novel Bi-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber (BC-PCF) is presented to sense and detect foremost blood constituents. Solid core is opted for the presented sensor owing to its special feature in allowing light of all wavelength. As blood is a vital fluid in human body, recognition of blood components is highly necessary. Here, five major components of blood to be detected from sample analyte are considered as red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, water and plasma. Coupling mode theory is used and the shift in transmission power spectrum is observed which assists in blood component detection. The optical study along with PCF characteristic analysis is done by using finite element method. Presented BC-PCF sensor reveals superior sensitivity of 6680 nm/RIU for x-polarization and 6930 nm/RIU for y-polarization with less coupling length in millimeter range. This simple designed sensor providing superior sensitivity with low coupling length paves way for various applications in biomedical field.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
I. Sassi, N. Belacel, Y. Bouslimani et al. Multicriteria PCF design: an accurate photonic crystal fiber design tool. In 2009 Seventh Annual Communication Networks and Services Research Conference IEEE, 252–256, (2009)
F. ISLAM, Analysis of Hexagonal and Spiral Lattice Photonic Crystal Fibers using Finite Element Method. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, (2013)
MS Khan K Ahmed MN Hossain BK Paul TK Nguyen V Dhasarathan 2020 Exploring refractive index sensor using gold coated D-shaped photonic crystal fiber for biosensing applications Optik 202 163649
N Luan L Zhao Y Lian 2018 A high refractive index plasmonic sensor based on D-shaped photonic crystal fiber with laterally accessible hollow-core IEEE Photonics J. 10 5 1 7
K. Ahmed, S. Asaduzzaman, F.H. Arif, Numerical analysis of O-PCF structure for sensing applications with high relative sensitivity. In 2015 2nd International Conference on Electrical Information and Communication Technologies (EICT) IEEE, pp. 254–258, (2015)
SA Mitu DK Dey K Ahmed BK Paul Y Luo R Zakaria V Dhasarathan 2020 Fe3O4 nanofluid injected photonic crystal fiber for magnetic field sensing applications J. Magnet. Magnet. Mater. 494 165831
S Akter K Ahmed SA El-Naggar SA Taya TK Nguyen V Dhasarathan 2020 Highly sensitive refractive index sensor for temperature and salinity measurement of seawater Optik 216 164901
N Ayyanar D Vigneswaran M Sharma M Sumathi MS Mani Rajan S Konar 2016 Hydrostatic pressure sensor using high birefringence photonic crystal fibers IEEE Sens. J. 17 3 650 656
M Jabin K Ahmed M Rana BK Paul Y Luo D Vigneswaran 2019 Titanium-coated dual-core D-shaped SPR-based PCF for hemoglobin sensing Plasmonics 14 6 1601 1610
K Ahmed BK Paul B Vasudevan ANZ Rashed R Maheswar IS Amiri P Yupapin 2019 Design of D-shaped elliptical core photonic crystal fiber for blood plasma cell sensing application Res. Phys. 12 2021 2025
T Parvin K Ahmed AM Alatwi ANZ Rashed 2021 Differential optical absorption spectroscopy-based refractive index sensor for cancer cell detection Opt. Rev. 28 1 134 143
M Mollah RJ Usha S Tasnim K Ahmed 2020 Detection of cancer affected cell using Sagnac interferometer based photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor Opt. Quant. Electron. 52 9 1 12
MA Jabin Y Luo GD Peng MJ Rana K Ahmed TK Nguyen BK Paul V Dhasarathan 2020 Design and fabrication of amoeba faced photonic crystal fiber for biosensing application Sens. Actuat. A Phys. 313 112204
SA Mitu K Ahmed FA Al Zahrani A Grover MSM Rajan MA Moni 2021 Development and analysis of surface plasmon resonance based refractive index sensor for pregnancy testing Opt. Lasers Eng. 140 106551
A.A. Rifat, K. Ahmed, S. Asaduzzaman, B.K. Paul, R. Ahmed. "Development of photonic crystal fiber-based gas/chemical sensors." In Computational photonic sensors, pp. 287–317. Springer, Cham, (2019)
K Ahmed F Ahmed S Roy 2019 Refractive index-based blood components sensing in terahertz spectrum IEEE Sens. J. 19 9 3368 3375
H Chopra RS Kaler B Painam 2016 Photonic crystal waveguide-based biosensor for detection of diseases J. Nanophotonics 10 3 036011
P Sharma P Sharan 2015 Design of photonic crystal based ring resonator for detection of different blood constituents Opt. Commun. 348 19 23
M Friebel MC Meinke 2005 Determination of the complex refractive index of highly concentrated hemoglobin solutions using transmittance and reflectance measurements J. Biomed. Opt. 10 6 064019
E Podder MB Hossain ME Rahaman 2020 Design and optimization of terahertz blood components sensor using photonic crystal fiber Sens. Bio-Sens. Res. 30 100386
MS Islam BK Paul K Ahmed 2018 Liquid-infiltrated photonic crystal fiber for sensing purpose: design and analysis Alex. Eng. J. 57 3 1459 1466
S Sen S Chowdhury K Ahmed 2017 Design of a porous cored hexagonal photonic crystal fiber based optical sensor with high relative sensitivity for lower operating wavelength Photonic Sens. 7 1 55 65
V Kaur S Singh 2019 Design approach of solid-core photonic crystal fiber sensor with sensing ring for blood component detection J. Nanophotonics 13 2 026011
MB Hossain E Podder 2019 Design and investigation of PCF-based blood components sensor in terahertz regime Appl. Phys. A 125 12 1 8
D Vijayalakshmi CT Manimegalai N Ayyanar K Kalimuthu 2021 High amplitude sensitivity Gold-coated trichannel photonic crystal fibre for refractive index sensor IET Optoelectron. 15 1 9
R.T. Bise, D. Trevor, JSol-gel derived microstructured fiber: fabrication and characterization. In Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Optical Society of America, p. OWL6 . (2005)
AM Cubillas S Unterkofler TG Euser 2013 Photonic crystal fibres for chemical sensing and photochemistry Chem. Soc. Rev. 42 22 8629 8648
H Ebendorff-Heidepriem J Schuppich A Dowler 2014 3D-printed extrusion dies: a versatile approach to optical material processing Opt. Mater. Express 4 8 1494 1504
A Ghazanfari W Li MC Leu 2017 A novel freeform extrusion fabrication process for producing solid ceramic components with uniform layered radiation drying Addit. Manuf. 15 102 112
MR Hasan S Akter AA Rifat 2017 Spiral photonic crystal fiber-based dual-polarized surface plasmon resonance biosensor IEEE Sens. J. 18 1 133 140
D Vijayalakshmi CT Manimegalai N Ayyanar D Vigneswaran K Kalimuthu 2021 Detection of blood glucose with hemoglobin content using compact photonic crystal fiber IEEE Trans. NanoBiosci. 20 4 436 443
Funding
No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
DV and PS have involved for optimization of proposed work, simulation results analysis and writing manuscript. C.T.M has involved for result evaluation and supervision.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vijayalakshmi, D., Manimegalai, C.T. & Selvakumar, P. Bi-core photonic crystal fiber for blood component detection. J Opt 52, 42–49 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-022-00848-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-022-00848-6