Abstract
The Elagiri complex (12°31′ N: 78°35′ E) represents one of the important silica — oversaturated syenite plutons of the Southern Granulite Terrane of the Indian shield. This article for the first time reports the mineral chemistry of the Elagiri complex and brings out important petrogenetic significance. The litho-members of Elagiri complex are intrusive into high grade country rocks viz. granite gneiss, amphibolite and pyroxene granulite. The country rocks are foliated bearing evidences of multiple folding and deformation. On the other hand, the constituent litho members of the Elagiri complex (syenites, gabbro and later intrusives marked by lamprophyre and carbonatite) show preservation of igneous layering in terms of discernible parallelism of the constituent minerals. The Elagiri complex shows presence of sharp contacts among litho members and marked absence of chilled facies peripheral to the margin. Electron microprobe data have been critically used to systematize the constituent mineral-phases of the different lithomembers of the complex. Geothermobarometric data indicate a temperature of equilibration in the range of ∼700° to 500°C at ∼2.0 to 5.2 kb which corresponds to shallow level (cf. 18.2 km) equilibration-depth of the complex. Field observations and mineral chemistry data suggest that liquid immiscibility plays an important role during the evolution of the Elagiri complex.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson, J.L. and Smith, D.R. (1995) The effects of temperature and fo2 on the Al-in-hornblende barometer. Amer. Min., v.80, pp.549–559.
Bell, K. (1998): Radiogenic isotope constraints on relationship between carbonatites and associated silicate rocks-a brief review. Jour. Petrol., v.39, pp.1987–1996.
Bell, K. and Blenkinshop, J. (1989) Neodymium and strontium isotope geochemistry of carbonatites. In: K. Bell (Ed.), Carbonatites-Genesis and Evolution. Unwin Hyman, London, pp.278–300.
Bell, K. and Peterson, T. (1991) Nd and Sr isotope systematics of shombole volcano, East Africa, and the links between nephelinites, phonolites, and carbonatites. Geology, v.19, pp.582–585.
Bertrand, P. and Mercier, J.C.C. (1986) The mutual solubility of co-existing ortho- and clinopyroxene: toward an absolute geothermometer for the natural system? Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v.77, pp.109–122.
Blundy, J.D. and Holland, T.J.B. (1990) Calcic amphibole equilibria and a new amphibole-plagioclase geothermometer. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., v.104, pp.208–234.
Borodin, L.S., Gopal, V., Moralev, V.M. and Subrahmanyam, V. (1971) Precambrian carbonatites of Tamil Nadu, South India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 12, pp.101–112.
Bose, M.K. (1970) Petrology of the intrusive alkalic suite of Koraput, Orissa. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.11, pp.99–126.
Bose, M.K. (1971) Petrology of the intrusive alkalic suite of Sivamalai Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.11, pp.241–261.
Bose, M.K. and Nag, S. (1980) Petrology of the intrusive alkalic suite of Elchuru, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh. Proc. Indian. Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci), v.89, pp.383–401.
Bose, M.K., Chakravarty, S. and Sarkar, A. (1971) Petrological observations on alkali syenites of Kunavaram, A.P., India. Geol. Mag., v.108, pp.273–279.
Brey, G.P. and Kohler, T.P. (1990) Geobarometry in four-phase lherzolite II, newthermometers and practical assessment of existing thermobarometers. Jour. Petrol., v.31(6), pp.1353–1378.
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A. and Zussman, J. (1979) An introduction to the rock forming minerals. The English Book Society, 528p.
Downes, H. (1987) Tertiary and Quarternary volcanism in the Massif Central, France. In: J.G. Fitton and B.G.J. Upton (Eds.), Alkaline Igneous Rocks. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., v.30, pp.517–530.
Drury, S. A., Harris, N.B.W., Holt, R.W., Reeves-Smith, G.J. and Wightman, R.T. (1984) Precambrian tectonics and crustal evolution in South India. Jour.Geol., v.92, pp.3–20.
Eby, G. N. (1979) Mount Johnson, Quebec — an example of silicate liquid immiscibility. Geology, v.7, pp.491–494.
Eremenko, N.A., Datta, A.K., Gagelganz, A.A. and Voevdi, A.B. (1969) Tectonic map of south India.
Ewart, A. (1982) Petrogenesis of the Tertiary anorogenic volcanic series of Southern Queensland, Australia, in the light of trace element geochemistry and O, Sr and Pb isotopes. Jour. Petrol., v.23, pp.344–382.
Fermor, L.L. (1936) An attempt at correlation of the ancient schistose rocks of Peninsular India. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, v.70, pp.1–324.
Fitton, J. G. (1987) The Cameroon line, WestAfrica: a comparison between oceanic and continental alkaline volcanism. In: J.G. Fitton and B.G.J. Upton (Eds.), Alkaline igneous rocks. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., v.30, pp.273–291.
Fletcher, C.J.N. and Beddoe-stephens, B. (1987) The petrology, chemistry and crystallization history of the Velasco alkaline province, eastern Bolivia. In: J.G. Fitton and B.G.J. Upton (Eds.), Alkaline igneous rocks. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., v.30, pp.403–413.
Grady, J. C. (1971) Deep main faults in south India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.12, pp.56–62.
Hammarstrom, J.M. and Zen, E. (1986) Aluminium in hornblende: An empirical igneous geobarometer. Amer. Min., v.71, pp.1297–1313.
Harmer, R.E. (1999) The petrogenetic association of carbonatite and alkaline magmatism: constraints from the Spitskop complex, South Africa. Jour. Petrol., v.40, pp.525–548.
Harmer, R.E. and Gittins, J. (1998) The case for primary, mantlederived carbonatite magma. Jour. Petrol., v.39, pp.1895–1903.
Haselton, H. T. Jr., Hovis, G.L., Hemingway, B.S. and Robie, R.A. (1983) Calorimetric investigation of the excess entropy of mixing in analbite-sanidine solid solution: lack of evidence for Na, K short-range order and implications for two feldspar thermometry. Amer. Min., v.68, pp.398–413.
Hess, P.C. (1971) Polymer model of silicate melts. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, v.35, pp.289–306.
Hollister, L. S., Grissom, G.C., Peters, E.K., Stowell, H.H. and Sisson, V.B. (1987) Conformation of empirical correlation of Al in hornblende with pressure of solidification of calc-alkaline plutons. Amer. Min., v.72, pp.231–239.
Kjarsgaard, B.A. and Hamilton, D.L. (1989): The genesis of carbonatites by immiscibility. In: K. Bell (Ed.), Carbonatites-Genesis and Evolution. Unwin Hyman, London., pp.388–404.
Katz, M.B. (1978) Tectonic evolution of the Archaean granulite facies belt of Sri Lanka-South India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India., v.19, pp.185–205.
Krishnamurthy, P. (1977) On some geochemical aspects of Sevattur carbonatite complex, North Arcot district, Tamil Nadu. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.18, pp.265–274.
Krishna Reddy, K., Ratnakar, J. and Leelanandam, C. (1998) A petrochemical study of the alkaline complex of Uppalapadu, Prakasam province, Andhra Pradesh, India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.52, pp.41–52.
Kumar, A., Charan, S.N., Gopalan, K. and Macdougall, J.D. (1998) A long-lived enriched mantle source for two Proterozoic carbonatite complexes from Tamil Nadu, southern India. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v.62, pp.515–523.
Leake, B.E. (1978) Nomenclature of amphiboles. Min. Mag., v.42, pp.533–563.
Leake, B.E. and twenty one others (1997) Nomenclature of Amphiboles: Report of the Subcommittee on Amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on new minerals and mineral names. Canad. Mineral., v.35, pp.219–246.
Le Bas, M.J. (1987) Nephelinites and carbonatites. In: J.G. Fitton and B.G.J. Upton (Eds.), Alkaline Igneous Rocks. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., v.30, pp.53–84.
Leelanandam, C. and Krishna Reddy, K. (1981) The Uppalapadu alkaline pluton, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.22, pp.39–45.
Leelanandam, C. and Ratnakar, J. (1983) The Purimetla alkaline pluton.Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh. Quart. Jour. Geol. Min. Met. Soc. India (presently Indian Jour. Geol.), v.55, pp.14–30.
Leelanandam, C., Srinivasan, T.P. and Ratnakar, J. (1989) The sub-alkaline and alkaline rocks of the Settupalle copmplex, Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India. In: C. Leelanandam, (Ed.), Alkaline Rocks. Mem. Geol. Soc. India, no.15, pp.241–263.
Leterrier J., Mary R.C., Thonon, P, Girar, D.D. and Marchal, M. (1982) Clinopyroxene composition as a method of identification of the magmatic affinities of paleo-volcanic series. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett., v.59, pp.139–154.
Lindsley, D.H. (1983) Pyroxene thermometry. Amer. Min., v.68, pp.477–493.
Mcdonough, W.F., Mcculloch, M.T. and Sun, S.S. (1985) Isotopic and geochemical systematic in Tertiary-Recent basalts from southeastern Australia and implications for the evolution of the sub-continental lithosphere. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., v.49, pp.2051–2067.
Menzies, M. (1987) Alkaline rocks and their inclusions: a window on the Earth’s interior. In: K. Bell (Ed.), Carbonatites-Genesis and Evolution. Unwin Hyman, London, v.30, pp.15–27.
Miyazaki, T., Rajesh, H.M., Ram Mohan, V., Rajasekharan, K.C., Kalaiselvan, A., Rao, A.T. and Srinivas Rao, K. (1999) Field study of alkaline plutons in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, South India, 1997–1998. Jour. Geosci., Osaka City Univ., v.42, pp.205–214.
Miyazaki, T., Kagami, H., Shuto, K., Morikiyo, T., Ram Mohan, V. and Rajasekaran, K.C. (2000) Rb-Sr geochronology, Nd-Sr isotopes and whole rock geochemistry of Yelagiri and Sevattur Syenites, Tamil Nadu, South India. Gondwana Res., v.3, pp.39–53.
Miyazaki, T., Kagami, H., Ram Mohan, V., Shuto, K. and Morikiyo, T. (2003) Enriched Subcontinental Lithospheric Mantle in the northern part of the South Indian Granulite Terrain: Evidence from Yelagiri and Sevattur Syenite Plutons, Tamil Nadu, South India. Gondwana Res., v.6(4), pp.585–594.
Morimoto, N. (1989) Nomenclature of pyroxenes. Can. Mineral., v.27, pp.143–156.
Nag, S. (1983) The alkaline rocks of the Eastern Ghat orogenic belt, India. Neues Jahrbuch Miner. Abh., v.148, pp.97–112.
Nair, N.G.K. and Santosh, M. (1984) Petrochemistry and tectonic significance of the Peralimala alkali granite, Cannanore District, Kerala. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.25, pp.35–44.
Nair, N.G.K., Santosh, M. and Thampi, P.K. (1983) Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the alkali granite of Munnar, Kerala, (India) and its bearing on rift-tectonics. Neues Jahrbuch Miner. Abh., v.148, pp.223–232.
Nabelek, C.R. and Lindsley, D.H. (1985) Tetrahedral Al in amphibole: A potential thermometer for some mafic rocks. Geol. Soc. Amer. Abst. with programs, 673p.
Nelson, D.R. and Mcculloch, M.T. (1989) Enriched mantle components and mantle recycling of sediments. In: J. Ross (Ed.), Kimberlites and Related rocks, Vol.1, Their composition, occurrence, origin and emplacement. Geol. Soc. Aust. Spec. Publ., v.14, pp.560–570.
Nielsen, T.F.D. (1987) Tertiary alkaline magmatism in East Greenland: a review. In: J.G. Fitton and B.G.J. Upton (Eds.), Alkaline Igneous Rocks. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., v.30, pp.489–515.
Papike, J.J., Cameron, K.L. and Baldwin, K. (1974) Amphiboles and pyroxenes: Characterization of other than quadrilateral components and estimates of ferric iron from microprobe data (abstract). Geol. Soc. Amer., Abstracts with Programs. v.6, pp.1053–1054.
Rajesh, H.M. and Santosh, M. (1996) The Archaean and Proterozoic terrain in southern India within East Gondwana. In: M. Santosh and M. Yoshida (Eds.), Alkaline Magmatism in Peninsular India, Gondwana Res. Group, Mem. No.3, Field Sci., Osaka., pp.91–115.
Rajesh, V. J., Arima, M. and Santosh, M. (2004) Dunite, glimmerite and spinellite in Achankovil Shear Zone, South India: implications for highly potassic CO2 — rich melt influx along an intra-continental shear zone. Gondwana Res., v.7, pp.961–974.
Ratnakar, J. (2007) Lithosphere control of the Proterozoic alkaline magmatism: the miaskitic nepheline syenites of southern India. In: The Evolution of the Indian Continental Crust and Upper mantle. Gondwana Res. Mem. no.10, pp.109–121
Ratnakar, J. (2008) Nature of the Precambrian alkaline magmatism in southern India: the nepheline syenite complexes. Jour. Appl. Geochem., v.10(2), pp.60–75
Ratnakar, J. and Leelanandam, C. (1986) A Petrochemical study of thePurimetla alkaline pluton. Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh. Neues Jahrbuch Miner. Abh., v.94, pp.305–313.
Ratnakar, J. and Leelanandam, C. (1989) Petrology of the alkaline plutons from the eastern and southern Peninsular India. In: C. Leelanandam (Ed.), Alkaline Rocks. Mem. Geol. Soc. India, no.15, pp.145–176.
Ratnakar, J., Leelanandam, C. and Natarajan, R. (1996) Fe-rich olivines from the ferrosyenites of Sivamali Tamil Nadu, India, Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.48, pp.101–105
Ratnakar, J. and Leelanandam, C. (1998) Co-existing pyroxenes from the ferrosyenites of Sivamali Tamil Nadu, India, Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.51, pp.405–411
Reddy, B.M., Janardhan, A.S. and Peucat, J.J. (1995) Geochemistry, age and origin of alkaline and ultramafic rocks of Salem, Tamil Nadu, South India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.45, pp.251–262.
Roedder, E. and Weiblen, P.W. (1970) Silicate liquid immiscibility in Lunar magmas, evidenced by melt inclusions in Apollo 11 rocks. Science., v.167, pp.641–644.
Rogers, J.J.W., Unrug, R. and Sultan, M. (1995) Tectonic assembly of Gondwana. Jour. Geodynamics, v.19, pp.1–34
Rutherford, M.J., Hess, P.C. and Daniel, G.H. (1974) Liquid lines of descent and liquid Immiscibility in high Ti lunar basalt. Lunar and Planetary Institute, NASA., pp.657–659.
Santosh, M. (1985) Crystal growth of zircons in Putteti syenite: nature of fluids and implications on CO2 activity. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.26, pp.695–703.
Santosh, M and Drury, S.A. (1998) Alkali granites with Pan-African affinities from Kerala, South India. Jour. Geol., v.96, pp.616–626.
Santosh, M. and Thara, K.G. (1985) The Mannapra syenite, central Kerala, India: Geochemistry, petrogenesis and bearing on anorogenic magmatism. Proc. Indian. Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.), v.94, pp.43–56.
Santosh, M., Iyer, S.S., Vasconcellos, M.B.A. and Enzweiler, J. (1989) Late Precambrian alkaline plutons in southwest India: geochronologic and rare-earth element constraints on Pan-African magmatism. Lithos., v.24, pp.5–79.
Santosh, M., Maruyama, S. and Sato, K. (2009) Anatomy of a Cambrian suture in Gondwana: Pacific-type orogeny in southern India? Gondwana Res., v.16, pp.321–341.
Schleicher, H., Kramm, U., Pernicka, E., Schidlowski, M., Schmidt, F., Subramanian, V., Todt, W. and Viladkar, S.G. (1998) Enriched subcontinental upper mantle beneath southern India: evidence from Pb, Nd, Sr and C-O isotopic studies on Tamil Nadu carbonatites. Jour. Petrol., v.39, pp.1765–1785.
Shearer, C.K., Papike, J.J. and Spilde, M.N. (2001) Trace element partitioning between immiscible lunar melts: an example from naturally occurring lunar melt inclusions. Amer. Min., v.86, pp.238–246.
Sheraton, J.W., Black, L.P., Mcculloch, M.T. and Oliver, R.L. (1990) Age and origin of a compositionally varied mafic dyke swarm in the Bunger Hills, East Antarctica. Chem. Geol., v.85, pp.215–246.
Simonetti, A. and Bell, K. (1994) Isotopic and geochemical investigation of the Chilwa island carbonatite complex Malawi: evidence for a depleted mantle source region, liquid immiscibility, and open-system behaviour. Jour. Petrol., v.35, pp.1597–1621.
Smith, I.E.M., White, A.J.R., Chappel, B.W. and Eggleton, R. A. (1988) Fractionation in a zoned monzonite pluton, Mount Dromedary, southeastern Australia. Geol. Mag., v.125, pp.273–284.
Streckeisen, A. (1976) To each plutonic rock its proper name. Earth Science review, v.12, pp.1–33.
Subrahmanyam, C. (1978) On the relation of gravity anomalies to geotectonics of the Precambrian terrains of the south Indian shield. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.19, pp.251–263.
Subrahmanyam, C. and Verma, R.V.C. (1986) Gravity Field Structure and tectonics of the Eastern Ghats. Tectonophysics, v.126, pp.195–212.
Subrahmanyam, C. and Leelanandam, C. (1989) Differentiation due to probable initial immiscibility in the Musala pluton of the Mundwara Alkali Igneous Complex, Rajasthan, India. In: C. Leelanandam, (Ed.), Alkaline rocks. Mem. Geol. Soc. India, no.15, pp.25–46.
Sugavanam, E.B., Venkata Rao, V., Simhachalam, J., Nagal, S.C. and Sinha, A.K. (1976) Geology, structure and tectonics of alkali syenite-carbonatite occurrences in parts of Dharmapuri and North Arcot Districts, Tamil Nadu. Group discussion on the Carbonatite-Kimberlite complexes of India (absracts), Bangalore, 7p.
Sun, S.S. and Mcdonough, W.F. (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., v.42, pp.313–45.
Sweeney, R.J. (1994): Carbonatite melt compositions in the earth’s mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v.128, pp.259–270.
Udas, G.R. and Krishnamurthy, P. (1970) Carbonatites of Sevattur and Jogipatti, Madras State, India. Proc. Indian National Sci. Acad., v.36, pp.331–343.
Veblen, D.R. and Ribbe, P.H. (1982) Amphiboles: Petrology and experimental phase relations. Reviews in Mineralogy, v.9B, pp.3–11.
Vijay Kumar, K., Frost, C. D., Frost, R.B. and Chamberlain, K.R. (2007) The Chimakurti, Errakonda, and Uppalapadu plutons, Eastern Ghats Belt, India: An unusual association of tholeiitic and alkaline magmatism. Lithos, v.97, pp.30–57.
Viladkar, S.G. and Subramanian, V. (1995) Mineralogy and geochemistry of the carbonatites of the Sevattur and Samalpatti complexes, Tamil Nadu. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.45, pp.505–517.
Verwoerd, W.J. (1993) Update on carbonatites of South Africa and Namibia. S. African Jour. Geol., v.96, pp.75–95.
Wallace, M.E. and Green, D.H. (1988) An experimental determination of primary carbonatite magma composition. Nature, v.335, pp.343–346.
Warner, R.D. (1973) Liquidus relations in the system CaO-MgOSiO2-H2O at 10 P H2O and their petrologic significance. Amer. Jour. Sci., v.273, pp.925–946.
Zhao, J.-X., Shiraishi, K., Ellis, D.J. and Sheraton, J.W. (1995) Geochemical and isotopic studies of syenites from the Yamato Mountains, East Antarctica: implications for the origin of syenitic magmas. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., v.59, pp.1363–1382.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mukhopadhyay, S., Ray, J., Chattopadhyay, B. et al. Significance of mineral chemistry of syenites and associated rocks of Elagiri complex, Southern Granulite Terrane of the Indian shield. J Geol Soc India 77, 113–129 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-011-0015-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-011-0015-6