Abstract
A graphene oxide (GO) was produced for upgrading the thermal stability, flammability and decrease in the fire hazards of polystyrene (PS). Cone calorimeter and limiting oxygen index tests were utilized to assess the heat and flame tests of PS nanocomposites. The addition of GO in PS matrix efficiently improved the flame retardancy and reduced the density of carbon monoxide (CO) release, which attributed to the homogeneous dispersal of GO in the PS matrix upgraded barrier effect that reduced peak heat release rate, total heat release and toxic gas evolution during combustion. The characterization implied that the GO nanosheets were well distributed throughout the PS matrix without clear aggregates, leading to outstanding upgrading of thermal stability and fire safety properties. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed that both the storage modulus and glass transition temperature (Tg) of PS/GO nanocomposites were significantly promoted related to that of pristine PS. Moreover, PS/GO nanocomposites clearly decreased the amount of flammable volatiles and CO evolved, suggesting suppressed fire hazards of the PS composites owing to proper distribution, physical barrier effect intumescent and loosely structure of char layers. This study provides useful insights into the flammability behavior of polystyrene compounds with layered fillers of GO.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sabet M, Hassan A, Ratnam CT (2013) Electron-beam irradiation of low density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate blends. J Polym Eng 33(2):149–161
Sabet M, Savory RM, Hassan A, Ratnam CT (2013) The effect of TMPTMA addition on electron-beam irradiated LDPE, EVA and blend properties. Int Polym Process 28(4):386–392. https://doi.org/10.3139/217.2723
Sabet M, Anuwar MSB (2013) Calcium stearate and alumina trihydrate addition of irradiated LDPE, EVA and blends with electron beam. In: Applied mechanics and materials, vol 290, pp 31–37. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.290.31
Sabet M, Hassan A, Ratnam CT (2015) Properties of ethylene–vinyl acetate filled with metal hydroxide. J Elastom Plast 47(1):88–100
Sabet M, Hassan A, Ratnam CT (2012) Electron beam irradiation of low-density polyethylene filled with metal hydroxides for wire and cable applications. Polym Bull 69(9):1103–1114
Sabet M, Soleimani H, Hassan A, Ratnam CT (2014) Electron beam irradiation of LDPE filled with calcium carbonate and metal hydroxides. Polym Plast Technol Eng 53(13):1362–1366
Sabet M, Hassan A, Ratnam CT (2013) Flammability and thermal characterization of aluminum hydroxide filled with LDPE. Int Polym Process 28(4):393–397
Sabet M, Hassan A, Nooroldin S (2018) Effect of addition graphene to ethylene vinyl acetate and low-density polyethylene. 24:E177–E185. https://doi.org/10.1002/vnl.21628
Sabet M, Hassan A, Ratnam CT (2015) Properties of ethylene–vinyl acetate filled with metal hydroxide. Elastom Plast 47(1):88–100
Hosseini SN, Shuker MT, Sabet M, Zamani A, Hosseini Z, Shabib-Asl A (2015) Brine ions and mechanism of low salinity water injection in enhanced oil recovery: a review. Res J Appl Sci Eng Technol 11(11):1257–1264
Busahmin B, Maini B, Ramao RK, Sabet M (2016) Studies on the stability of the foamy oil in developing heavy oil reservoirs. Defect Diffus Forum 371:111–116
Huang G, Chen S, Liang H, Wang X, Gao J (2013) Combination of graphene and montmorillonite reduces the flammability of poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposites. Appl Clay Sci 80–81:433–437
Dittrich B, Wartig K-A, Hofmann D, Mülhaupt R, Schartel B (2013) Flame retardancy through carbon nanomaterials: carbon black, multi wall nanotubes, expanded graphite, multi-layer graphene and graphene in polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 98:1495–1505
Hong N, Song L, Richard Hull T, Stec AA, Wang B, Pan Y, Hu Y (2013) Facile preparation of graphene supported Co3O4 and NiO for reducing fire hazards of polyamide 6 composites. Mater Chem Phys 142:531–538
Han Z, Wang Y, Dong W, Wang P (2014) Enhanced fire retardancy of polyethylene/alumina trihydrate composites by graphene nanoplatelets. Mater Lett 128:275–278
Wang X, Xing W, Feng X, Yu B, Lu H, Song L, Hu Y (2014) The effect of metal oxide decorated graphene hybrids on the improved thermal stability and the reduced smoke toxicity in epoxy resins. Chem Eng J 250:214–221
Wang D, Zhang Q, Zhou K, Yang W, Hu Y, Gong X (2014) The influence of manganese–cobalt oxide/graphene on reducing fire hazards of poly(butylene terephthalate). J Hazard Mater 278:391–400
Huang G, Wang S, Song P, Wu C, Chen S, Wang X (2014) Combination effect of carbon nanotubes with graphene on intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene nanocomposites. Compos Part A 59:18–25
Huang G, Chen S, Song P, Lu P, Wu C, Liang H (2014) Combination effects of graphene and layered double hydroxides on intumescent flame-retardant poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites. Appl Clay Sci 88–89:78–85
Li K-Y, Kuan C-F, Kuan H-C, Chen C-H, Shen M-Y, Yang J-M, Chiang C-L (2014) Preparation and properties of novel epoxy/graphene oxide nanosheets (GON) composites functionalized with flame retardant containing phosphorus and silicon. Mater Chem Phys 146:354–362
Wang Z, Wei P, Qian Y, Liu J (2014) The synthesis of a novel graphene-based inorganic–organic hybrid flame retardant and its application in epoxy resin. Compos Part B 60:341–349
Liu S, Yan H, Fang Z, Wang H (2014) Effect of graphene nanosheets on morphology, thermal stability and flame retardancy of epoxy resin. Compos Sci Technol 90:40–47
Hong N, Zhan J, Wang X, Stec AA, Richard Hull T, Ge H, Xing W, Song L, Hu Y (2014) Enhanced mechanical, thermal and flame retardant properties by combining graphene nanosheets and metal hydroxide nanorods for acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymer composite. Compos Part A 64:203–210
Hong N, Song L, Wang B, Stec AA, Richard Hull T, Zhan J, Hu Y (2014) Co-precipitation synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/NiAl-layered double hydroxide hybrid and its application in flame retarding poly(methyl methacrylate). Mater Res Bull 49:657–664
Hu W, Yu B, Jiang S-D, Song L, Hu Y, Wang B (2015) Hyper-branched polymer grafting graphene oxide as an effective flame retardant and smoke suppressant for polystyrene. J Hazard Mater 300:58–66
Feng Y, He C, Wen Y, Ye Y, Zhou X, Xie X, Mai Y-W (2018) Superior flame retardancy and smoke suppression of epoxy-basedcomposites with phosphorus/nitrogen co-doped graphene. J Hazard Mater 346:140–151
Zhou K, Gao R (2017) The influence of a novel two dimensional graphene-like nanomaterial on thermal stability and flammability of polystyrene. J Colloid Interface Sci 500:164–171
Ji Y, Li Y, Chen G, Xing T (2017) Fire-resistant and highly electrically conductive silk fabrics fabricated with reduced graphene oxide via dry-coating. Mater Des 133:528–535
Zhou K, Gui Z, Hu Y, Jiang S, Tang G (2016) The influence of cobalt oxide–graphene hybrids on thermal degradation, fire hazards and mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane composites. Compos Part A 88:10–18
Zhou K, Gui Z, Hu Y (2016) The influence of graphene based smoke suppression agents on reduced fire hazards of polystyrene composites. Compos Part A 80:217–227
Chen X, Ma C, Jiao C (2016) Enhancement of flame-retardant performance of thermoplastic polyurethane with the incorporation of aluminum hypophosphite and iron-graphene. Polym Degrad Stab 129:275–285
Han Y, Wang T, Gao X, Li T, Zhang Q (2016) Preparation of thermally reduced graphene oxide and the influence of its reduction temperature on the thermal, mechanical, flame retardant performances of PS nanocomposites. Compos Part A 84:336–343
Edenharter A, Feicht P, Diar-Bakerly B, Beyer G, Breu J (2016) Superior flame retardant by combining high aspect ratio layered double hydroxide and graphene oxide. Polymer 91:41–49
Sun F, Yu T, Hu C, Li Y (2016) Influence of functionalized graphene by grafted phosphorus containing flame retardant on the flammability of carbon fiber/epoxy resin (CF/ER) composite. Compos Sci Technol 136:76–84
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sabet, M., Soleimani, H., Mohammadian, E. et al. Impact of inclusion graphene oxide nanosheets on polystyrene properties. Int J Plast Technol 23, 92–100 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12588-019-09236-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12588-019-09236-5