Abstract
Flexible poly (urethane urea) (PUU) foam based on the polyol and isocyanate with various additional components is synthesized by one shot polymerization. FTIR analysis shows that both urethane and urea formations are closely related to the catalysts, water, and NCO index. Increment of the catalyst concentration increases the initial volume velocity of the flexible PUU foam but decreases the bulk density by the increased number of cavities and pores. Water has strong effects on the initial volume velocity and bulk density, whereas increment of the NCO index has a little influence on the physical properties. The average cavity and pore sizes increase with increasing the equivalents ratio of water to polyol, but there is a limiting equivalents ratio in the PUU foam systems not to form coalesced or collapsed microcellular structure. The foams are also characterized using a scanning electron microscope and a Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Yadav, S. K., Mahapatra, S. S., and Cho, J. W., “Synthesis of Mechanically Robust Antimicrobial Nanocomposites by Click Coupling of Hyperbranched Polyurethane and Carbon Nanotubes,” Polymer, Vol. 53, No. 10, pp. 2023–2031, 2012.
Ionescu, M., “Chemistry and Technology of Polyols for Polyurethanes,” Smithers Rapra Press, p. 5, 2005.
Delebecq, E., Pascault, J.-P., Boutevin, B., and Ganachaud, F. O., “On the Versatility of Urethane/Urea Bonds: Reversibility, Blocked Isocyanate, and Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane,” Chemical Reviews, Vol. 113, No. 1, pp. 80–118, 2012.
Ashida, K., “Polyurethane and Related Foams: Chemistry and Technology,” CRC Press, pp. 11–12, 2006.
Farrissey Jr, W. J., Ricciardi, R., and Sayigh, A. A., “Reactions of 1, 3-Diphenyl-4-(Phenylimino)-2-Uretidinone,” The Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 1913–1917, 1968.
Arnold, R. G., Nelson, J. A., and Verbanc, J. J., “Recent Advances in Isocyanate Chemistry,” Chemical Reviews, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 47–76, 1957.
Walter Dias Vilar, D., “Chemistry and Technology of Polyurethanes,” Rio deJaneiro Vilar Consultoria Tecnica Ltd., 3rd Ed., p. 360, 2002.
Daniel-da-Silva, A. L., Bordado, J. C. M., and Martín-Martínez, J. M., “Moisture Curing Kinetics of Isocyanate Ended Urethane Quasi- Prepolymers Monitored by IR Spectroscopy and DSC,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 107, No. 2, pp. 700–709, 2008.
Heintz, A. M., Duffy, D. J., Hsu, S. L., Suen, W., Chu, W., and Paul, C. W., “Effects of Reaction Temperature on the Formation of Polyurethane Prepolymer Structures,” Macromolecules, Vol. 36, No. 8, pp. 2695–2704, 2003.
Hepburn, C., “Polyurethane Eastomers,” Applied Science Publishers, 1st Ed., p. 63, 1982.
van der Schuur, M., van der Heide, E., Feijen, J., and Gaymans, R. J., “Elastic Behavior of Flexible Polyether (Urethane-Urea) Foam Materials,” Polymer, Vol. 45, No. 8, pp. 2721–2727, 2004.
Li, W., Ryan, A. J., and Meier, I. K., “Effect of Chain Extenders on the Morphology Development in Flexible Polyurethane Foam,” Macromolecules, Vol. 35, No. 16, pp. 6306–6312, 2002.
Elwell, M. J., Ryan, A. J., Gruenbauer, H. J., and Van Lieshout, H. C., “In-Situ Studies of Structure Development during the Reactive Processing of Model Flexible Polyurethane Foam Systems using FTIR Spectroscopy, Synchrotron Saxs,” and Rheology, Macromolecules, Vol. 29, No. 8, pp. 2960–2968, 1996.
Ryan, A. J., Macosko, C. W., and Bras, W., “Order-Disorder Transition in a Block Copolyurethane,” Macromolecules, Vol. 25, No. 23, pp. 6277–6283, 1992.
Yasunaga, K., Neff, R., Zhang, X., and Macosko, C., “Study of Cell Opening in Flexible Polyurethane Foam,” Journal of Cellular Plastics, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 427–448, 1996.
Neff, R. A. and Macosko, C. W., “Simultaneous Measurement of Viscoelastic Changes and Cell Opening during Processing of Flexible Polyurethane Foam,” Rheologica Acta, Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 656–666, 1996.
Mora, E., Artavia, L., and Macosko, C., “Modulus Development during Reactive Urethane Foaming,” Journal of Rheology, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 921–940, 1991.
McClusky, J., Priester, R., O'Neill, R., Willkomm, W., Heaney, M., and Capel, M., “The Use of FT-IR and Dynamic Saxs to Provide an Improved Understanding of the Matrix Formation and Viscosity Build of Flexible Polyurethane Foams,” Journal of Cellular Plastics, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 338–360, 1994.
McClusky, J., O'Neill, R., Priester, R., and Ramsey, W., “Vibrating Rod Viscometer: A Valuable Probe into Polyurethane Chemistry,” Journal of Cellular Plastics, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 224–241, 1994.
Lyu, M.-Y. and Choi, T. G., “Research Trends in Polymer Materials for Use in Lightweight Vehicles,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 213–220, 2015.
Dworakowska, S., Bogda, D., Zaccheria, F., and Ravasio, N., “The Role of Catalysis in the Synthesis of Polyurethane Foams based on Renewable Raw Materials,” Catalysis Today, Vol. 223, pp. 148–156, 2014.
Lan, Z., Daga, R., Whitehouse, R., McCarthy, S., and Schmidt, D., “Structure-Properties Relations in Flexible Polyurethane Foams Containing a Novel Bio-based Crosslinker,” Polymer, Vol. 55, No. 11, pp. 2635–2644, 2014.
Bernal, M., LopezManchado, M. A., and Verdejo, R., “In Situ Foaming Evolution of Flexible Polyurethane Foam Nanocomposites,” Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 212, No. 9, pp. 971–979, 2011.
Elwell, M. J., Ryan, A. J., Grünbauer, H. J., and Van Lieshout, H. C., “An FT-IR Study of Reaction Kinetics and Structure Development in Model Flexible Polyurethane Foam Systems,” Polymer, Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 1353–1361, 1996.
Heintz, A. M., Duffy, D. J., Nelson, C. M., Hua, Y., Hsu, S. L., et al., “A Spectroscopic Analysis of the Phase Evolution in Polyurethane Foams,” Macromolecules, Vol. 38, No. 22, pp. 9192–9199, 2005.
Marcos-Fernandez, A., Lozano, A. E., Gonzalez, L., and Rodriguez, A., “Hydrogen Bonding in Copoly (Ether-Urea) S and Its Relationship with the Physical Properties,” Macromolecules, Vol. 30, No. 12, pp. 3584–3592, 1997.
de Haseth, J. A., Andrews, J. E., McClusky, J. V., Priester, R. D., Harthcock, M. A., and Davis, B. L., “Characterization of Polyurethane Foams by Mid-Infrared Fiber/FT-IR Spectrometry,” Applied Spectroscopy, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 173–179, 1993.
Li, S., Vatanparast, R., Vuorimaa, E., and Lemmetyinen, H., “Curing Kinetics and Glass-Transition Temperature of Hexamethylene Diisocyanate-based Polyurethane,” Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, Vol. 38, No. 17, pp. 2213–2220, 2000.
Lim, H., Kim, S. H., and Kim, B. K., “Effects of Silicon Surfactant in Rigid Polyurethane Foams,” Express Polymer Letters, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 194–200, 2008.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gwon, J.G., Sung, G. & Kim, J.H. Modulation of cavities and interconnecting pores in manufacturing water blown flexible poly (urethane urea) foams. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. 16, 2299–2307 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-015-0295-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-015-0295-7