Abstract
Two native species of Crassostrea cupped oysters, C. rhizophorae and C. gasar, are economically important in Brazil. However, C. gasar genetic resources are poorly characterized. This study assesses and characterizes genetic variation within and between oyster banks along the southeast coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, to provide baseline data useful for conservation and management. To correctly distinguish C. gasar from C. rhizophorae, we screened PCR–RFLP markers based on variation of the AluI restriction digest banding pattern. Genetic variation within C. gasar was assessed using a panel of nine microsatellite DNA markers. Intrapopulation analysis revealed low allelic richness (4.50 to 5.31 alleles per locus), deficit of heterozygotes, high rates of inbreeding, and segregation of null alleles in all populations. At one of the five sampling sites, a bottleneck effect was inferred in the only population that exhibited no private alleles. In silico analysis revealed four genetic groups using DAPC and DEST genetic differentiation index, showing moderate to high population genetic structure (DEST 0.05–0.34) with gene flow. The Mantel test did not show a significant correlation (P = 0.27) between geographic and genetic distances. The results indicate that the stocks of C. gasar have low genetic variability with moderate genetic structuring. The establishment of an exotic species (Saccostrea cucullata) may have reduced Crassostrea populations in the oyster banks studied, and loss of genetic diversity may be indicators that further study and timely action are needed to preserve native genetic resources of this essential marine food resource.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Dr. Helcio Luis de Almeida Marques and all fishers who kindly assisted in field work for sampling and Dr. Ricardo Sartorello for the assistance in the map design. Also, we would like to thank the reviewers for thoughtful comments and efforts towards improving our manuscript. This work was developed as part of the full requirements for the Master of Science thesis of J.R. Monteiro in Biotechnology at the University of Mogi das Cruzes (UMC).
Funding
The work was support by grants from the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (2016/16108–3) and the Foundation for Supporting Teaching and Research (FAEP). A.W.S. Hilsdorf is recipient of CNPq productivity scholarships (309570/2021–2).
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The authors declare no competing interests.
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All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for animal testing, animal care and use of animals were followed by the authors.
Sampling and field studies
The fieldwork has been conducted in compliance with all applicable regulations.
Data availability
The microsatellite sequences are available on GenBank (MZ385602-MZ385610). All other data are available at request to the authors.
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MSNG and AWSH conceived and organized the project; JRM, MSNG, and LRM performed the field and bench work, CAP carried out the in silico analysis of the data, AWSH, MSNG, and EMH wrote the manuscript, and all authors commented on the previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Monteiro, J.R., Galvão, M.S.N., Perazza, C.A. et al. Assessment of genetic resources of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea gasar along the south and southeast coast of Brazil: baseline for its conservation and sustainable use. Mar. Biodivers. 53, 57 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-023-01367-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-023-01367-8