Abstract
Knowledge of marine fish diversity remains largely incomplete in the Con Dao Archipelago, the oldest marine-protected area in Vietnam. Previous investigations of diversity established a species checklist for Con Dao but did not specifically target pre-settlement stages of reef fishes and short-life pelagic species even though they provide information on local biodiversity and on the ecological functions of their habitat. Species identification of small fishes is usually challenging, but in the present study, DNA barcode-based identification was used to update the species checklist for Con Dao marine coastal habitats. Fishes were sampled monthly over a 1-year period using light traps in coral reef, seagrass, and harbour habitats. Among a total of 11,509 individuals captured, 1248 specimens were selected for DNA barcoding analyses based on morphological differences, 1012 were successfully sequenced, and their COI sequences uploaded to the BOLD database. Among the 163 corresponding BINs, 120 were recorded for the first time in Vietnam while 40 (25%) were new to BOLD. It was impossible to assign a complete species name to 59 BINs (36%), because of gaps in the taxonomical coverage or mislabelled DNA barcodes (probably due to species misidentification). Among species observed in this study and belonging to 18 orders and 35 families, 85 and 59 were new records for Con Dao and Vietnam, respectively. The high proportion of new species records are probably related to the sampling gear used that is particularly appropriate for sampling crypto-benthic species of the families Gobiidae, Tripterygiidae, and Blenniidae. From a methodological standpoint, this study demonstrates that accuracy of the DNA barcode-based species identification can be greatly improved by careful revision of BINs, phylogenetic relationships with sibling BINs, and by using the taxonomical literature which can provide sequences of reference species.
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Vo Thi Bich Thao and Phong Hoai Trinh at the Lab of Zoology, University of Science (VNUHCM), who helped with the laboratory experiments, and Lien Quoc Dat who helped in the field. Tran Dinh Hue at the Con Dao National Park supported this study conducted in the marine-protected areas. Genetic barcoding was carried out by the GenSeq facility at the “Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier” - LabEx “Centre Méditerranéen de l’Environnement et de la Biodiversité.” We are indebted to Eric Desmarais, Frédérique Cerqueira, and Thomas Cantinelli (UMR ISEM, Montpellier, France) for their important contribution to barcoding. We would like to thank Monique Simier (IRD, MARBEC) for her help with data representation using R, Benjamin Victor, Sébastien Lavoué (Universiti Sains Malaysia), Gavin Gouws (SAIAB), and Franz Uiblein (Institute of Marine Research) for their invaluable taxonomic advice and suggestions. We thank two anonymous reviewers for providing helpful comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by “Fondation Total” (fondation.total.com) through the “DECODIV” project (grant number BIO-2014-005), IRD doctoral grant (grant ARTS), and the MARBEC Mixed Research Unit and the SEDES International Joint Laboratory - IRD.
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All necessary permits for sampling and observational field studies have been obtained by the authors from the competent authorities and are mentioned in the acknowledgements, if applicable.
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All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files]. DNA barcodes generated during the current study are available in the project file CDAO: DNA barcoding of Con Dao Islands Marine Fishes on BOLD systems website (http://boldsystems.org).
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MHP, DHH, JQ, and JDD conceived and designed research. MHP, DHH, JQ, and JDD conducted experiments. MHP and JDD analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. MHP, DHH, JQ, DP, and JDD corrected the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
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Figure S1.
Map of the Con Dao MPA showing the five sampling sites in Con Son Bay: seagrass 1 - black star, seagrass 2 - white star, coral reef 1 - black triangle, coral reef 2 - white triangle and harbour - black circle. The map was drawn by Mr L. Pelissier for the french Service Hydrographique de la Marine 1928. (PDF 186 kb)
Table S2.
Results of larvae barcoding in the Con Dao Archipelago with comments for species identification. The BIN’s species is provided when available. (DOCX 63 kb)
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Pham, M.H., Hoang, D.H., Panfili, J. et al. Diversity of fishes collected with light traps in the oldest marine protected area in Vietnam revealed by DNA barcoding. Mar. Biodivers. 52, 30 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-022-01266-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-022-01266-4