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Carnelian beads from Manda, Unguja Ukuu and Kwa Mgogo: New insights on the stone bead trade between South Asia and East Africa, 7th to 15th Century CE

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Abstract

Carnelian beads from three archaeological sites in East Africa, Manda, Kenya and Unguja Ukuu and Kwa Mgogo, Tanzania, have been studied using stylistic, technological and geochemical analyses. Broadly dated to between the seventh and fifteenth centuries CE, the bead shapes and manufacturing technology can be correlated to beads produced at workshops in ancient South Asia from around the same time period. Geochemical analysis using Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry indicates that the carnelian for producing the beads came primarily from the regions of Gujarat and Maharashtra in modern India. The diverse carnelian sources and different patterns of beads at the three sites illustrate the complex economic and social networks that linked communities in East Africa and South Asia.

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Acknowledgements

Chapurukha M. Kusimba’s research in Kenya is supported by the National Museums of Kenya and the Republic of Kenya through research permits and excavation permits (NACOSTI/P/17/811175/16914). Financial support for his research comes from the US National Science Foundation (NSF), the US National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH)(2012–2014) and the US IIE J. W. Fulbright Sr. Scholars Program 2012. The research at Unguja Ukuu presented here was partly funded by grants awarded to Akshay Sarathi from the Fulbright-Hays Program (award # P022A170037), the National Geographic Society (NGS # EC-227-18), the Department of Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison and the University of Wisconsin, Madison Graduate School. Research at Kwa Mgogo and the analysis of its carnelian artifacts was partly funded by grants awarded to Jonathan Walz from the Fulbright-Hays Program, the Department of Anthropology at the University of Florida and the University of Florida Graduate School. Jonathan is grateful for the field and analytical expertise of Hashim Saidi Shedafa and Laure Dussubieux, respectively. The LA-ICP-MS analysis of the beads from Kwa Mgogo and Unguja Ukuu were funded in part by NSF grants to Laure Dussubieux and Patrick Ryan Williams (BCS# 1321731 and 1628026). Funding for the research carried out by Kenoyer over the years include awards from the National Science Foundation: Presidential Young Investigator, Smithsonian Institution Foreign Currency Grant-India, National Endowment for the Humanities, National Geographic Society, the University of Wisconsin, Madison and the generous support many private donors, and particularly Omar Khan at www.harappa.com. Kenoyer would also like to thank the bead craftsmen of Khambhat, Gujarat, particularly the late Inayat Hussain Lal Bhai Shaikh, and his sons Anwar and Mushtaq, as well as the master bead driller, Pratap Bhai from Nagra (also spelled Nagara), who has demonstrated the many different aspects of diamond tipped drilling technology. Kenoyer and Law would especially like to thank the many colleagues who have helped to obtain geological comparative samples of carnelian and agate from many regions of the world.

Funding

Jonathan Mark Kenoyer: National Science Foundation Young Investigator Award, Smithsonian Institution Foreign Currency Grant-India, National Endowment for the Humanities, National Science Foundation, National Geographic Society, University of Wisconsin, Madison Graduate School.

Chapurukha M. Kusimba: National Science Foundation, National Endowment for the Humanities.

Akshay Sarathi: Fulbright-Hays Program (P022A170037), National Geographic Society (NGS # EC-227–18), Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, University of Wisconsin, Madison Graduate School.

Jonathan Walz: Fulbright-Hays Program, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, University of Florida Graduate School.

Randall Law: National Science Foundation (0327246).

Laure Dussubieux: National Science Foundation (BCS# 1,321,731 and 1,628,026).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

    Jonathan Mark Kenoyer & Randall W. Law

  2. University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

    Chapurukha M. Kusimba

  3. Texas A & M University, Texas, USA

    Akshay Sarathi

  4. SIT-Graduate Institute, Brattleboro, VT, USA / Stone Town, Zanzibar, Tanzania

    Jonathan R. Walz

  5. Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA

    Laure Dussubieux

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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by C.M.K., A.S., J.R.W., J.M.K., L.D and R.W.L.. The first draft of the manuscript was written by J.M.K., C.M.K., A.S., J.R.W. and R.W.L. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Kenoyer, J.M., Kusimba, C.M., Sarathi, A. et al. Carnelian beads from Manda, Unguja Ukuu and Kwa Mgogo: New insights on the stone bead trade between South Asia and East Africa, 7th to 15th Century CE. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 16, 83 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-024-01966-x

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