Abstract
Total station (TS) is widely used for geodetic positioning, especially in areas where global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning is restricted. In these cases, the deflection of the vertical (DoV) must be considered because measurements with TS refer to the local vertical or plumbline and not to the normal direction to the ellipsoid. This is a pioneer research that analyzes the global behavior of the DoV and evaluates the quality of the DoV obtained from global geopotential models for measurements using TS. To that end, we used about 8700 control points distributed over four continents. We concluded that the DoV can be of up to 112″ at the emerged Earth surface and can have variations of up to 60″ within 100 km and mean value of ≈7″. As for the quality of the DoV obtained by global geopotential models, both the XGM2019e and the EGM2008 showed deviations of up to 3″ in 90% of the evaluated cases. This is perfectly compatible with TS currently available, which in general have angular standard deviation of up to ± 5″. Through simulated experiments, we found that for lines of sight with zenith angles from 80 to 100°, the error effect of the DoV obtained from XGM2019e or EGM2008 is less than 3 parts per million in horizontal geodetic positioning in 90% of the evaluated cases.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the availability of the global geopotential models by ICGEM, which, with agile tools, have made it much easier for geodesy professionals to obtain technical data. We also thank the collaboration of several researchers who provided deflections from the vertical obtained from field observation to use as reference:
• Ansis Zariņš from the Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformatics, University of Latvia (Latvia)
• Beat Bürki from the Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Geodesy and Geodynamics Lab of ETH Zurich (Switzerland)
• Christian Hirt from the Institute of Astronomical and Physical Geodesy of Technische Universität München (Germany)
• Christopher Jekeli from the Division of Geodetic Science of Ohio State University (USA)
• Elmas Sinem Ince from the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (Germany)
• Kevin M. Ahlgren from the NGS National Geodetic Survey (USA)
• Marc Véroneau from the Natural Resources Canada (Canada)
• Urs Marti from the Federal Office of Topography Swisstopo (Switzerland)
• Will Featherstone from the Curtin University of Technology (Australia)
We would also like to thank the Academic Publishing Advisory Center (Centro de Assessoria de Publicação Acadêmica, CAPA—www.capa.ufpr.br) of the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) for assistance with English language translation and developmental editing. The second author thanks CNPq for the Research Productivity Grant (Process 313699/2021-6).
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de França, R.M., Klein, I. & Veiga, L.A.K. Quality of the deflection of the vertical obtained from global geopotential models in horizontal geodetic positioning. Appl Geomat 14, 795–810 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-022-00473-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-022-00473-9