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Petrology, geochemistry and structural analysis of the Kopongo greenstone belt, Congo craton, southern Cameroon: geodynamic evolution and geotectonic styles

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Abstract

The Kopongo greenstone belt lies within the Paleoproterozoic Nyong Complex, which is categorized as the northwestern edge of the Archean Congo craton in southern Cameroon. These metamorphic terrains consist of gneissic iron formations (GIFs) with resource estimation of 82.9 Mt@32.1%Fe inferred, 46.4%SiO2, 3.7%Al2O3, 0.15%P and 0.48%S. These formations display elongated distorted bands with poor interlayering. The mineral assemblages of the GIFs and country rocks conform to a medium to high-grade metamorphism. Their lithopackage comprises of regolith, gneissic iron and gneissic country formations. The chemical composition shows > 98 wt% Fe2O3 and SiO2, suggesting that quartz and iron oxide are chemically precipitated sediments. Furthermore, the low concentrations of Al2O3, TiO2, K2O, Na2O, MgO and CaO, coupled with a strong positive correlation between MgO with CaO (r ˂ 1.0), are indicative of negligible terrigenous influx in a marine environment. These geochemical characteristics indicate that the Kopongo GIFs were the result of deep ocean hydrothermal activity mixed with sea water at an extensional geodynamic setting as Algoma-type and other greenstone belts within the Congo craton. Five main iron mineralization types were identified in the Kopongo: Detrital iron, Magnetite-quartz, Quartz-hematite breccia, Magnetite and Enriched magnetite mineralizations. The Kopongo structural evolution shows intense polyphase deformations defined by three major episodes of folding from Dn to Dn+2 disturbed by a series of brittle-ductile and brittle tectonics, similar to other Congo craton greenstone belts. Magnetite ore bodies are controlled by Fn+1 and Fn+2 folds, while enriched magnetite ores occur as anastomosing mesobands in Fn+2 folds.

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Acknowledgements

This project forms part of the first authors PhD thesis and was financially supported by the West African Minerals Corporation. The authors thank Mrs Marie-Paule Mfoumbeng for her scientific contribution to this manuscript. But her soul departed before she could see the final version of this document. We are grateful to both anonymous reviewers for their detailed reviews, constructive comments and suggestions that improve the overall quality of the paper.

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  1. Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon

    Thierry Abou’ou Ango, Bernard Njom, Jean-Bosco Olinga & Joseph Mvondo Ondoa

  2. West African Minerals Corporation, P.O. Box 35561, Yaoundé, Cameroon

    Thierry Abou’ou Ango

  3. Institut de Recherches Géologiques Et Minières, IRGM, P.O. Box 4110, Yaoundé, Cameroon

    Mero Yannah & Jean-Bosco Olinga

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  1. Thierry Abou’ou Ango
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Ango, T.A., Njom, B., Yannah, M. et al. Petrology, geochemistry and structural analysis of the Kopongo greenstone belt, Congo craton, southern Cameroon: geodynamic evolution and geotectonic styles. Arab J Geosci 15, 1518 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10779-y

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