Abstract
Clayey soils that occur in many countries, including Jordan, are considered poor materials for engineering construction because of their unfavorable geotechnical properties. Previous studies have shown that engineering performance of such soils can be improved by using different additives. This study was designed to evaluate geotechnical properties and durability characteristics of the Jordanian clayey soil after mixing it with cement kiln dust (CKD). The investigation involved testing 105 CKD-amended clayey soil samples to determine the optimum CKD-to-soil ratio for improving its geotechnical properties. Using ASTM standards, one set of soil samples was prepared for mineralogical and geotechnical characterization before and after mixing with 5, 10, 15, and 20% CKD by weight. A second set of samples was prepared and tested under 5, 11, 15, and 20 freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles. Results demonstrated that addition of 20% CKD improved geotechnical properties of the clayey soil including its F-T durability. F-T cycling was found to lower the unconfined compressive strength of the unstabilized soil by 88% while it was only 21% for the CKD-stabilized soil. Overall, CKD stabilization led to a 12-fold increase in unconfined compressive strength besides marked improvements in soil plasticity and workability. Results obtained from this investigation encourage endorsement and use of CKD as an excellent stabilizer to enhance engineering performance of clayey soils. In addition, utilizing an industrial waste for beneficial purposes contributes to the national waste minimization goal by recycling the hazardous CKD waste material, leading to significant economic, environmental, and sustainability benefits for infrastructure construction.
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Data availability
Lab test data is available from the first author.
Abbreviations
- AASHTO:
-
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
- ASTM:
-
American Society for Testing and Materials
- CKD:
-
Cement kiln dust
- F-T:
-
Freeze-thaw
- kPa:
-
Kilo Pascal
- LL:
-
Liquid limit
- MDD:
-
Maximum dry density
- OMC:
-
Optimum moisture content
- PI:
-
Plasticity index
- PL:
-
Plastic limit
- SRF:
-
Strength reduction factor
- UCS:
-
Unconfined compressive strength
- USCS:
-
Unified Soil Classification System
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Acknowledgments
The assistance of Dr. Khair Al-Deen Bsisu, Samah Abu Howar, and Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory staff during the experimental phase of this study is greatly appreciated. Northern Cement Company, Jordan, graciously donated the bulk cement kiln dust needed for this project. The support complemented by Australian College of Kuwait is equally acknowledged. The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions.
Funding
The University of Jordan provided the financial support for this research under Grant No. 1382.
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Responsible Editor: Zeynal Abiddin Erguler
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Ismeik, M., Shaqour, F. & Hasan, S.E. Geotechnical evaluation of clayey soils amended with cement kiln dust during freeze-thaw cycling. Arab J Geosci 14, 2023 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-08144-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-08144-6