Abstract
Preexisting cracks are widely distributed in brittle rocks, and these cracks strongly influence the rock failure mechanisms. The cracking process is accompanied by rapid energy release in the form of elastic waves, known as acoustic emission (AE), enabling detection of the cracking behaviors and providing an early warning of sudden failure. Granites with three types of open precut cracks were tested in uniaxial and triaxial compression tests with AE monitoring; the cracking process was recorded by a high-speed camera during the uniaxial compression tests. The peak values of the AE count rate and normalized peak amplitude corresponded well to the peak stress points, while the normalized peak amplitude was more sensitive and effective in revealing the cracking behaviors. The peak frequency can be divided into three bands. Five types of AE waveform signals were identified, according to the value of the normalized peak amplitude and the range of the peak frequency band: low normalized peak amplitude with low peak frequency (LL), high normalized peak amplitude with low peak frequency (LH), low normalized peak amplitude with moderate peak frequency (ML), low normalized peak amplitude with high peak frequency (HL), and high normalized peak amplitude with high peak frequency (HH). A comparison of the high-speed images, b values, and AE frequency spectrum characteristics showed that the LH and HH signals corresponded to macrocracks, while the LL and HL signals corresponded to microcracks. Additionally, LH and ML signals always appeared just before failure, meaning that they can be used as precursor information.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Antonaci P, Bocca P, Masera D (2012) Fatigue crack propagation monitoring by acoustic emission signal analysis. Eng Fract Mech 81:26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2011.09.017
Behnia A, Chai HK, Shiotani T (2014) Advanced structural health monitoring of concrete structures with the aid of acoustic emission. Constr Build Mater 65:282–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.103
Belikov V, Ryvkin D (2010) Recovering the crack-size distribution function from the amplitude-frequency acoustic emission spectrum. Russ J Nondestruct Test 46(10):729–734. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061830910100037
Chang S-H, Lee C-I (2004) Estimation of cracking and damage mechanisms in rock under triaxial compression by moment tensor analysis of acoustic emission. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41(7):1069–1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.04.006
Chen G, Zhang Y, Huang R, Guo F, Zhang G (2015) Failure mechanism of rock bridge based on acoustic emission technique. J Sens 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/964730
Ebrahimian Z, Ahmadi M, Sadri S, Li B, Moradian O (2019) Wavelet analysis of acoustic emissions associated with cracking in rocks. Eng Fract Mech 217:106516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2019.106516
Einstein H, Veneziano D, Baecher GB, O’Reilly KJ (1983) The effect of discontinuity persistence on rock slope stability. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 20(5):227–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(83)90003-7
Fairhurst C, Hudson J (1999) Draft ISRM suggested method for the complete stress-strain curve for intact rock in uniaxial compression. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 36(3):279–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-9062(99)00006-6
Gardel E, Sitaridou E, Facto K, Keene E, Hattam K, Easwar N, Menon N (2009) Dynamical fluctuations in dense granular flows. Philos Trans R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci 367(1909):5109–5121. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0189
Ge Z, Sun Q (2018) Acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of granite after heating and cooling cycles. Eng Fract Mech 200:418–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.08.011
Goebel WT, Schorlemmer D, Becker T, Dresen G, Sammis C (2013) Acoustic emissions document stress changes over many seismic cycles in stick-slip experiments. Geophys Res Lett 40(10):2049–2054. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50507
Hall SA, De Sanctis F, Viggiani G (2006) Monitoring fracture propagation in a soft rock (Neapolitan Tuff) using acoustic emissions and digital images. Pure Appl Geophys 163(10):2171–2204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-006-0117-z
He M, Miao J, Feng J (2010) Rock burst process of limestone and its acoustic emission characteristics under true-triaxial unloading conditions. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47(2):286–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.09.003
Jiang X, Wang J, Jiang B, Yang Y, Hou L (2007) Study of the power spectrum of acoustic emission (AE) by accelerometers in fluidized beds. Ind Eng Chem Res 46(21):6904–6909. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie070457i
Kong B, Wang E, Li Z, Wang X, Niu Y, Kong X (2017) Acoustic emission signals frequency-amplitude characteristics of sandstone after thermal treated under uniaxial compression. J Appl Geophys 136:190–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2016.11.008
Lei X, Satoh T (2007) Indicators of critical point behavior prior to rock failure inferred from pre-failure damage. Tectonophysics 431(1–4):97–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2006.04.023
Lei X, Kusunose K, Rao M, Nishizawa O, Satoh T (2000a) Quasi-static fault growth and cracking in homogeneous brittle rock under triaxial compression using acoustic emission monitoring. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 105(B3):6127–6139. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900385
Lei XL, Kusunose K, Nishizawa O, Cho A, Satoh T (2000b) On the spatio-temporal distribution of acoustic emissions in two granitic rocks under triaxial compression: the role of pre-existing cracks. Geophys Res Lett 27(13):1997–2000. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011190
Lei X, Masuda K, Nishizawa O, Jouniaux L, Liu L, Ma W et al (2004) Detailed analysis of acoustic emission activity during catastrophic fracture of faults in rock. J Struct Geol 26(2):247–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(03)00095-6
Li X-M (2004) Complex analysis. Beijing University Press, Beijing
Liang Y, Li Q, Gu Y, Zou Q (2017) Mechanical and acoustic emission characteristics of rock: effect of loading and unloading confining pressure at the postpeak stage. J Natu Gas Sci Eng 44:54–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2017.04.012
Liu J-P, Li Y-H (2014) Estimation of cracking and damage mechanisms of rock specimens with precut holes by moment tensor analysis of acoustic emission. Int J Fract 188(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-014-9940-x
Liu S, Li X, Li Z, Chen P, Yang X, Liu Y (2019) Energy distribution and fractal characterization of acoustic emission (AE) during coal deformation and fracturing. Measurement 136:122–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.12.049
Meng F, Zhou H, Li S, Zhang C, Wang Z, Kong L, Zhang L (2016) Shear behaviour and acoustic emission characteristics of different joints under various stress levels. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49(12):4919–4928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1034-9
Michlmayr G, Cohen D, Or D (2012) Sources and characteristics of acoustic emissions from mechanically stressed geologic granular media—a review. Earth Sci Rev 112(3–4):97–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1034-9
Moradian Z, Ballivy G, Rivard P, Gravel C, Rousseau B (2010) Evaluating damage during shear tests of rock joints using acoustic emissions. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47(4):590–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2010.01.004
Moradian Z, Einstein HH, Ballivy G (2016) Detection of cracking levels in brittle rocks by parametric analysis of the acoustic emission signals. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49(3):785–800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0775-1
Morgan SP, Johnson CA, Einstein HH (2013) Cracking processes in Barre granite: fracture process zones and crack coalescence. Int J Fract 180(2):177–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-013-9810-y
Ohnaka M (1976) A physical basis for earthquakes based on the elastic rebound model. Bull Seismol Soc Am 66(2):433–451
Ohnaka M, Mogi K (1982) Frequency characteristics of acoustic emission in rocks under uniaxial compression and its relation to the fracturing process to failure. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 87(B5):3873–3884. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB087iB05p03873
Pei J, Fei W, Liu J (2016) Spatial evolution and fractal characteristics of natural fractures in marbles under uniaxial compression loading based on the source location technology of acoustic emission. Environ Earth Sci 75(9):828–815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5649-7
Read MD, Ayling MR, Meredith PG, Murrell SA (1995) Microcracking during triaxial deformation of porous rocks monitored by changes in rock physical properties, II. Pore volumometry and acoustic emission measurements on water-saturated rocks. Tectonophysics 245(3–4):223–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)00236-3
Rodríguez P, Arab PB, Celestino TB (2016) Characterization of rock cracking patterns in diametral compression tests by acoustic emission and petrographic analysis. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 83:73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.12.017
Shiotani T, Ohtsu M, Ikeda K (2001) Detection and evaluation of AE waves due to rock deformation. Constr Build Mater 15(5–6):235–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(00)00073-8
Wang C-L (2014) Identification of early-warning key point for rockmass instability using acoustic emission/microseismic activity monitoring. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 100(71):171–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.06.009
Xiao F, Liu G, Zhang Z, Shen Z, Zhang F, Wang Y (2016) Acoustic emission characteristics and stress release rate of coal samples in different dynamic destruction time. Int J Min Sci Technol 26(6):981–988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2016.09.001
Zang A, Christian Wagner F, Stanchits S, Dresen G, Andresen R, Haidekker MA (1998) Source analysis of acoustic emissions in Aue granite cores under symmetric and asymmetric compressive loads. Geophys J Int 135(3):1113–1130. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00706.x
Zhang Y-B, Liang P, Tian B (2016) Multi parameter coupling analysis of acoustic emission signals of granite disaster and the precursor characteristics of the main rupture. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 35(11):2248–2258
Zhao X, Cai M, Wang J, Ma L (2013) Damage stress and acoustic emission characteristics of the Beishan granite. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 64:258–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.09.003
Funding
This work was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC1501301) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 41572283 and 41521002). This work was also supported by funding from the China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Co., Ltd. (KYY2019066(19-20)) and the research fund of the State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (No. SKLGP2019Z016).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Zeynal Abiddin Erguler
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, G., Sun, X., Wang, J. et al. Detection of cracking behaviors in granite with open precut cracks by acoustic emission frequency spectrum analysis. Arab J Geosci 13, 258 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-5253-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-5253-8