Abstract
Dragline bench blasting contributes to about 200 million m3 of overburden excavation in India. Large-sized bench blasts with multiple rows (8–10 nos.) and holes per row (18–20 nos.) are carried out to obtain a dragline cut measuring, typically, 80 m in width and 200 m in length. Backbreak is generally observed in such blasts, which deteriorates blasting efficiency, fragmentation, and dragline utilization. Rockmass disposition, blast design, explosive selection, and blast-induced ground vibration were found to be the key contributing factors affecting backbreak and fragmentation. In this research work, in situ P wave velocity profiles were generated using 24-channel seismic refraction tomography for competency mapping of the rockmass. Seismic tomography identified three sonically distinct layers up to a depth of 22–30 m. Near-field vibration monitoring was conducted to record ground vibration signatures using two triaxial borehole geophones installed within a distance of 40 m from the last row of the blast and the vibration levels up to 839.71 mm/s and backbreaks extending up to 9.9 m were observed. Fragmentation analysis was carried out using scaled photography and WipFrag software. Behavior of backbreak and mean fragment size with peak vector sum of ground vibration, in situ P wave velocity, and bench stiffness was examined. This was followed by development of mathematical models for predicting backbreak and mean fragment size. Suitable blast design, charging scheme, and delay configuration were suggested based on rockmass competency, threshold peak particle velocity, and desired fragmentation. The suggested pattern was implemented and found to control backbreak within 5.5 m and mean fragment size at 43.38 cm.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agrawal H, Mishra AK (2018) Evaluation of initiating system by measurement of seismic energy dissipation in surface blasting. Arab J Geosci 11:345–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3683-3
Aldas GGU, Ecevitoglu B (2008) Waveform analysis in mitigation of blast-induced vibrations. J Appl Geophys 66:25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2008.08.004
Aliabadian Z, Sharafisafa M (2014) Numerical modeling of presplitting controlled method in continuum rock masses. Arab J Geosci 7:5005–5020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-1158-0
Ambraseys NN, Hendron AJ (1968) Dynamic behaviour of rock masses. In: Stagg K (ed) Rock mechanics in engineering practice. John Wiley & Sons, London, pp 203–207
Arora S, Murmu P, Dey K (2012) Comparison of two near-field blast vibration estimation models: a theoretical study. In: Singh PK, Sinha A (eds) Proceedings on 10th International symposium on rock fragmentation by blasting, Fragblast 10. CRC Press, New Delhi, pp 465–471
Bauer A, Calder PN (1970) Open pit and blasting seminar. In: Departmental publication, Queen’s University, Ontario, p 3
Bhagade NV, Murthy VMSR (2019) Investigations on improving dragline productivity through re-engineered blast design. In: Proceedings of 2nd international conference on opencast mining and sustainability. Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh, pp 270–276
Bhagade NV, Murthy VMSR, Srivastava S, Pal S, Singh S (2018) Assessment and control of backbreak using near-field vibration signatures in dragline bench blasting. In: Schunnesson H, Johansson D (eds) Proceedings of 12th international symposium on rock fragmentation by blasting, Fragblast 12. Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, pp 125–137
Blair DP (2007) A comparison of Heelan and exact solutions for seismic radiation from a short cylindrical charge. Geophysics 72:33–41. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.2424543
Blair D, Minchinton A (1997) On the damage zone surrounding a single blasthole. In: Mohanty B (ed) Proceedings of 5th international symposium on fragmentation by blasting, Fragblast 5. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 121–130
Blair DP, Minchinton A (2006) Near-field blast vibration models. In: Proceedings of the 8th international symposium of rock fragmentation by blasting, Chile. p 152–159
Bogdanoff I (1996) Vibration measurements in the damage zone in tunnel blasting. In: Mohanty B (ed) Proceedings on 5th international symposium on rock fragmentation by blasting, Fragblast 5, Montreal, pp 177–185
Brady BHG, Brown ET (2013) Blasting mechanics. In: Rock mechanics for underground mining, 3rd edn. Springer science & business media, Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, pp 518–542
Cho SH, Nakamura Y, Kaneko K (2004) Dynamic fracture process analysis of rock subjected to stress wave and gas pressurization. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41:433–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.03.079
Cook MA, Cook UD, Clay RB, Keyes, RT, Udy LL (1966) Behaviour of rock during blasting. Trans Soc Min Eng 23(1):17–25
Couceiro P, Pascual J, Lopez Cano M (2018) Near-field energy distribution in wall control blasting - an engineering approach. In: Schunnesson H, Johansson D (eds) Proceedings on 12th international symposium on rock fragmentation by basting, Fragblast 12, Lulea, pp 113–124
Cunningham CVB (1983) The Kuz-Ram model for prediction of fragmentation from blasting. In: Rustan A, Holmberg R (eds) Proceedings of 1st international symposium on rock fragmentation by blasting, Fragblast 1, Lulea, pp 439–453
Cunningham CVB (2005) The Kuz-Ram fragmentation model – 20 years on. In: Holmberg R (ed) Proceedings of the 3rd EFEE World Conference on Explosives and Blasting, Brighton, pp 201–210
Devine JP, Duvall WI (1963) Effect of charge weight on vibration levels for millisecond delayed quarry blasts. Seismol Res Lett 34:16–24. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.34.2.16
Dey K (2004) Investigation of blast-induced rock damage and development of predictive models in horizontal drivages. Unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Mining Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad
Dey K, Murthy VMSR (2011a) Determining blast damage envelope through vibration model and validation using seismic imaging. Min Technol 120:90–94. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743286311Y.0000000004
Dey K, Murthy VMSR (2011b) Delineating rockmass damage zones in blasting from in-field seismic velocity and peak particle velocity measurement. Int J Eng Sci Technol 3:51–62. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v3i2.68132
Dey K, Murthy VMSR (2012) Prediction of blast-induced overbreak from uncontrolled burn-cut blasting in tunnels driven through medium rock class. Tunn Undergr Sp Technol 28:49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2011.09.004
Djordjevic N (1999) A two-component model of blast fragmentation. In: AusIMM proceedings(Australia). p 9–13
Dowding CH (1985) Blast vibration monitoring and control. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs
Duvall WI (1962) Vibration levels from multiple holes per delay quarry blasts. Seismol Res Lett 33:32–39. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.33.3.32
Eades RQ, Perry K (2019) Understanding the connection between blasting and highwall stability. Int J Min Sci Technol 29:99–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2018.11.016
Edwards AT, Northwood TD (1960) Experimental studies of the effects of blasting on structures. The Engineer, pp 538–546
Favreau RF (1969) Generation of strain waves in rock by an explosion in a spherical cavity. J Geophys Res 74:4267–4280. https://doi.org/10.1029/jb075i026p05138
Fullelove I, Onederra I, Villaescusa E (2017) Empirical approach to estimate rock mass damage from long-hole winze (LHW) blasting. Min Technol Trans Institutions Min Metall Sect A 126:34–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/14749009.2016.1211228
Gao Q, Lu W, Yan P, Hu H, Yang Z, Chen M (2019) Effect of initiation location on distribution and utilization of explosion energy during rock blasting. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78:3433–3447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1296-4
Gharehdash S, Barzegar M, Palymskiy IB, Fomin PA (2019) Blast induced fracture modelling using smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Int J Impact Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2019.02.001
Gheibie S, Aghababaei H, Hoseinie SH, Pourrahimian Y (2009) Modified Kuz — ram fragmentation model and its use at the Sungun copper mine. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 46:967–973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.05.003
Heelan PA (1953) Radiation from a cylindrical source of finite length. Geophysics 18:685–696
Holmberg R (1982) Charge calculations for tunneling. In: Underground mining methods handbook. SME, New York, pp 1580–1589
Hoshino T, Mogi G, Shaoquan K (2000) Optimum delay interval design in delay blasting. Fragblast 4:139–148. https://doi.org/10.1076/frag.4.2.139.7448
Hustrulid W, Bennett R, Ashland F, Lenjani M (1992) A new method for predicting the extent of the blast damage zone. In: Proceedings of Blasting Conference. Nitro Nobel Gyttorp
Jang H, Kitahara I, Kawamura Y, Endo Y, Topal E, Degawa R, Mazara S (2019) Development of 3D rock fragmentation measurement system using photogrammetry. Int J Min Reclam Environ 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480930.2019.1585597
Jimeno EL, Jimeno CL, Carcedo FJA (1995) Drilling and blasting of rocks, 2nd edn. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam
Kanchibotla SS, Valery W, Morrell S (1999) Modelling fines in blast fragmentation and its ipact on crushing and grinding. In: Explo ‘99–a conference on rock breaking, The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Kalgoorlie. pp 137–144
Konya CJ, Walter EJ (1991) Rock blasting and overbreak control (No. FHWA-HI-92-001; NHI-13211), 1st edn. National Highway Institute, Montville, Ohio
Kulatilake PHSW, Qiong W, Hudaverdi T, Kuzu C (2010) Mean particle size prediction in rock blast fragmentation using neural networks. Eng Geol 114:298–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.05.008
Langefors U, Kihlstrom B (1973) The modern technique of rock blasting, 1st edn. John Wiley and Sons, New York
Li XF, Zhang QB, Li HB, Zhao J (2018) Grain-based discrete element method (GB-DEM) modelling of multi-scale fracturing in rocks under dynamic loading. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51:3785–3817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1566-2
Liu R, Zhu Z, Li M, Liu B, Wan D (2019) Study on dynamic fracture behavior of mode I crack under blasting loads. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 117:47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.11.009
Ma GW, An XM (2008) Numerical simulation of blasting-induced rock fractures. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 45:966–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2007.12.002
McKenzie CK, Holley KG (2004) A study of damage profiles behind blasts. In: Proceedings of the annual conference on explosives and blasting technique. ISEE, pp 203–214
Meredith JA, Toksoz MN, Cheng CH (1993) Secondary shear waves from source boreholes. Geophys Prospect 41:287–312
Meyer T, Dunn PG (1996) Fragmentation and rock mass damage assessment-sunburst excavator and drill and blast. In: Aubertin, Hassani, Mitri (eds) Rock mechanics, tools and techniques. Balkema, pp 609–617
Monjezi M, Amini Khoshalan H, Yazdian Varjani A (2012) Prediction of flyrock and backbreak in open pit blasting operation: a neuro-genetic approach. Arab J Geosci 5:441–448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-010-0185-3
Monjezi M, Hashemi Rizi SM, Majd VJ, Khandelwal M (2014) Artificial neural network as a tool for backbreak prediction. Geotech Geol Eng 32:21–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-013-9686-7
Mortazavi A, Salmi EF (2009) A numerical investigation of the effect of blasthole delay in rock fragmentation. In: Sanchidrian JA (ed) Proceedings of the 9th international symposium on rock fragmentation by blasting. Fragblast 9. Granada, Spain, pp 363–370
Murthy VMSR, Dey K (2004) Development of predictive models for controlling blast-induced overbreak in tunnels. J Rock Mech Tunneling Technol 10:31–47
Murthy VMSR, Dey K, Raitani R (2003) Prediction of overbreak in underground tunnel blasting: a case study. J Can Tunneling 109–115
Olsson M, Nie S, Bergqvist I, Ouchterlony F (2002) What causes cracks in rock blasting ? In: Fragblast, pp 221–233
Onederra I (2007) Delay timing factor for empirical fragmentation models. Min Technol 116:176–179. https://doi.org/10.1179/174328607X282181
Onederra I, Esen S (2003) Selection of inter-hole and inter-row timing for surface blasting – an approach based on burden relief analysis. In: Proceedings of the 2nd world conference on explosives and blasting technique, Prague. Taylor & Francis, pp 269–275
Oriard LL (1982) Blasting effects and their control. In: Hustrulid WA (ed) Underground mining methods handbook, SME. Society for mining, metallurgy and exploration, New York, pp 1590–1603
Ouchterlony F (2005) The Swebrec © function : linking fragmentation by blasting and crushing. Min Technol 114:29–44. https://doi.org/10.1179/037178405X44539
Ouchterlony F, Olsson M, Bavik SO (1999) Bench blasting in granite with holes with axial notches and radial bottom slots. In: Symposium for rock fragmentation by blasting: Fragblast 6. South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Johannesburg, South Africa, pp 229–239
Ouchterlony F, Olsson M, Bergqvist I (2002) Towards new Swedish recommendations for cautious perimeter blasting. In: Fragblast, pp 235–261
Persson P-A (1997) The relationship between strain energy, rock damage, fragmentation and throw in rock blasting. In: Mohanty B (ed) Proceedings of 5th international symposium on fragmentation by blasting, Fragblast 5. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 99–110
Rai R, Jha KK, Malviya AN, Ghosh AK, Choudhury NK (2018) Dragline operation in Bina opencast mine of northern coalfields limited with emphasis to vertical tandem method. In: Proceedings of 1st international conference on opencast mining technology and sustainability. Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh, pp 176–179
Raina AK, Chakraborty AK, Ramulu M, Jethwa JL (2010) Rock mass damage from underground blasting- a literature review and lab- and full scale tests to estimate crack depth by ultrasonic method. In: Singh PK, Sinha A (eds) Proceedings on 10th International symposium on rock fragmentation by blasting, Fragblast 10. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, New Delhi, pp 37–41
Rossmanith HP (2000) The influence of delay timing on optimal fragmentation in electronic blasting. In: Explosives & blasting technique. pp 141–147
Roy PP (2005) Rock blasting: effects and operations, 1st edn. A.A. Balkema Publishers, Taylor and Francis Group, Leiden
Rustan A, Naarttijärvi T, Ludvig B (1985) Controlled blasting in hard intense jointed rock in tunnels. CIM Bull 78:63–68
Rzhevsky VV (1985) Opencast mining unit operations. Mir Publishers, Moscow
Saiang D (2008) Blast-induced damage- a summary of SveBeFo investigations. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Division of Rock Mechanics Lulea University of Technology, Lulea
Sanchidrián JA, Segarra P, López LM (2007) Energy components in rock blasting. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 44:130–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2006.05.002
Sazid M, Singh TN (2012) Two-dimensional dynamic finite element simulation of rock blasting. Arab J Geosci 6:3703–3708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0632-4
Sharafisafa M, Aliabadian Z, Alizadeh R, Mortazavi A (2014) Distinct element modelling of fracture plan control in continuum and jointed rock mass in presplitting method of surface mining. Int J Min Sci Technol 24:871–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2014.10.022
Singh PK, Roy MP (2010) Damage to surface structures due to blast vibration. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47:949–961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2010.06.010
Singh PK, Roy MP, Sinha A, Singh B, Singh VK (2012) Causes of toe formation at dragline bench and its remedial measures. In: Singh PK, Sinha A (eds) Proceedings of 10th international symposium on rock fragmentation by blasting, Fragblast 10. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, New Delhi, pp 187–192
Singh PK, Roy MP, Paswan RK, Sarim MD, Kumar S, Jha RR (2016) Rock fragmentation control in opencast blasting. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 8:225–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2015.10.005
Stagg MS (1987) Influence of blast delay time on rock fragmentation: one-tenth scale tests. Int J Surf Min Reclam Environ 1:215–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/09208118708944122
Trivino L, Mohanty B (2009) Seismic radiation from explosive charges in the near-field: results from controlled experiments. In: Proceedings of 35th Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique, Denver. pp 155–166
Trivino LF, Mohanty B (2013) Estimation of blast-induced damage through cross-hole seismometry in single-hole blasting experiments. In: Singh PK, Sinha A (eds) Proceedings of the 10th international symposium on rock fragmentation by blasting, Fragblast 10. CRC Press, New Delhi, pp 685–695
Trivino LF, Mohanty B, Munjiza A (2009) Seismic radiation patterns from cylindrical explosive charges by analytical and combined finite-discrete element methods. In: Sanchidrian JA (ed) Proceedings of the 9th international symposium on rock fragmentation by blasting, Fragblast 9. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Granada, pp 415–426
Triviño LF, Mohanty B, Milkereit B (2012) Seismic waveforms from explosive sources located in boreholes and initiated in different directions. J Appl Geophys 87:81–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2012.09.004
Tubman KM, Cheng CH, Toksöz MN (1984) Synthetic full waveform acoustic logs in cased boreholes. Geophysics 49:1051–1059. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1441720
Vanbrabant F, Chacon EP, Quinones LA (2002) P and S Mach waves generated by the detonation of a cylindrical explosive charge-experiments and simulations. In: Fragblast. pp 21–35
Verma AK, Bajpai RK, Singh TN, Narayan PK, Dutt A (2011) 3D instability analysis of an underground geological repository—an Indian case study. Arab J Geosci 4:1173–1188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-010-0131-4
Wang Z, Dou L, Wang G, Feng LF, Kang K, Bai JZ, Wang SC (2018) Resisting impact mechanical analysis of an anchored roadway supporting structure under P-wave loading and its application in rock burst prevention. Arab J Geosci 11:81–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3426-5
White JE, Sengbush RL (1963) Shear waves from explosive sources. Geophysics 28:1001–1019
Winzer SR, Ritter AP (1980) The role of stress waves and discontinuities in rock fragmentation. In: the 21st US symposium on rock mechanics (USRMS), American rock mechanics association. Pp 362–370
Yang R, Scovira DS (2007) Using blast vibration measurements to estimate rock triaxial strains/stresses and dynamic rock strength for blast damage evaluation. In: proceedings of the 1st Canada-US rock mechanics symposium - rock mechanics meeting Society’s challenges and demands. American rock mechanics association. Pp 1547–1552
Yang RL, Rocque P, Katsabanis P, Bawden WF (1993) Blast damage study by measurement of blast vibration and damage in the area adjacent to blast hole. In: Rossmanith HP (ed) Proceedings of 4th international symposium on rock fragmentation by blasting. Balkema, Vienna, pp 137–144
Yao W, He T, Xia K (2017) Dynamic mechanical behaviors of Fangshan marble. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 9:807–817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.03.019
Yi C, Johansson D, Greberg J (2018) Effects of in-situ stresses on the fracturing of rock by blasting. Comput Geotech 104:321–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.12.004
Yi C, Johansson D, Nyberg U, Sjöberg J (2012) Numerical simulation for the influence of delay time on the rock fragmentation. In: Singh PK, Sinha A (eds) Proceedings on 10th international symposium on rock fragmentation by blasting, Fragblast 10, New Delhi, pp 213–220
Yu TR, Vongpaisal S (1996) New blast damage criteria for underground blasting. CIM Bull 89:139–145
Yu L, Su H, Liu R, Jing H, Meng Q, Luo N (2017) Experimental study of the influence of loading rate on tensile mechanical behavior of sandstone damaged by blasting. Arab J Geosci 10:432–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3208-5
Zeng Y, Li H, Xia X, Liu B, Zuo H, Jiang J (2018) Blast-induced rock damage control in Fangchenggang nuclear power station, China. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 10:914–923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.04.010
Zhang QB, Zhao J (2014) A review of dynamic experimental techniques and mechanical behaviour of rock materials. Rock Mech Rock Eng 47:1411–1478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0463-y
Acknowledgments
The authors owe heartfelt thanks to the administrative personnel and executives of the coal mining projects for supporting the study. Sincere gratitude is also extended to the staff of IIT(ISM) who accompanied and assisted us in the field study. The study forms a part of the doctoral work of the first author.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Zeynal Abiddin Erguler
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bhagade, N.V., Murthy, V.M.S.R. Controlling backbreak and enhancing fragmentation in dragline bench blasting—a geo-engineering approach. Arab J Geosci 13, 304 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-5244-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-5244-9