Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of sodium sulphate on the shear strength of clayey soils stabilised with additives

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Arabian Journal of Geosciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The effect of sulphates on the soil stabilisation using mineral additives such as lime, cement and fly ash has been reported by several researchers. The effect of sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) (0–6% by dry weight of soil) on the behaviour of the grey clayey soil (GS) and red clayey soil (RS) stabilised with lime (L) (0–8%), natural pozzolana (NP) (0–20%) and with a combination of lime-natural pozzolana (L–NP) was investigated. The soil specimens were subjected to testing of direct shear strength after 7, 30, 60 and 120 days of curing period. In the absence of Na2SO4, the results show that both clayey soils can be successfully stabilised with L or with a combination of L–NP, which substantially increases their shear strength and produces high values of shear parameters. However, at short curing period and for any content of Na2SO4, a further increase in shear strength and shear parameters is observed. Moreover, after 30 days of curing, the RS specimens stabilised with L or with NP alone are altered when the Na2SO4 is greater than 2%, whereas the GS specimens are not altered. However, the alteration of RS specimens is little when the L and NP are combined on curing with a high content of Na2SO4. Generally, the effect of Na2SO4 on both stabilised clayey soils depends on the curing time, percentage of additives used and their type, mineralogical composition of stabilised soils and Na2SO4 content.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdi MR, Wild S (1993) Sulphate expansion of lime-stabilized kaolinite: part I. Physical characteristics. Clay Miner 28(4):555–567. doi:10.1180/claymin. 1993.028.4.06

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Afès M, Didier G (2000) Stabilization of expansive soils: the case of clay in the area of Mila (Algeria). Bull Eng Geol Environ 59(1):75–83. doi:10.1007/s100649900022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ASTM D6528 (2000) Standard test method for consolidated undrained direct simple shear testing of cohesive soils. Annual book of ASTM standards, vol 04. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, p 08

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Rawas AA, Hago AW, Al-Sarmi H (2005) Effect of lime, cement and Sarooj (artificial pozzolan) on the swelling potential of an expansive soil from Oman. Build Environ 40(5):681–687. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv. 2004.08.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • al-Swaidani A, Hammoud I, Meziab A (2016) Effect of adding natural pozzolana on geotechnical properties of lime-stabilized clayey soil. J Rock Mechanics Geotech Eng 8(5):714–725. doi:10.1016/j.jrmge. 2016.04.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baryla JM, Chenais V, Gavois L, Havard H (2000) Effet de sulfates et sulfures sur des marnes traitées à la chaux et au liant routier sur un chantier autoroutier. Bulletin des Laboratoires des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris, France. Bull 224:39–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell FG (1989) Lime stabilisation of clay soils. Bull Int Ass Eng Geol 39(1):67–74. doi:10.1007/BF02592537

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson DT, Mateos M, Barnes HF (1960) Improvement of lime stabilization of montmorillonitic clay soils with chemical additives. High Res Rec Bull 262:33–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadouri H, Harichane K, Ghrici M (2016a) Effect of the interaction between calcium sulphate and mineral additives on shear strength parameters of clayey soils. Int J Geotech Eng. doi:10.1080/19386362.2016.1238562

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadouri H, Harichane K, Ghrici M (2016b) Effect of calcium sulphate on the geotechnical properties of stabilized clayey soils. Period Polytech Civil Eng. doi:10.3311/PPci.9359

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadouri H, Harichane K, Ghrici M (2016c) Assessment of sulphates effect on the classification of soil–lime–natural pozzolana mixtures based on the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). Int J Geotech Eng. doi:10.1080/19386362.2016.1275429

    Google Scholar 

  • Gay G, Schad H (2000) Influence of cement and lime additives on the compaction properties and shear parameters of fine grained soils. Otto-Graf-J 11:19–31

    Google Scholar 

  • George SZ, Ponniah DA, Little JA (1992) Effect of temperature on lime-soil stabilization. Constr Build Mater 6(4):247–252. doi:10.1016/0950-0618(92)90050-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghrici M, Kenai S, Said Mansour M (2007) Mechanical properties and durability of mortar and concrete containing natural pozzolana and limestone blended cements. Cem Concr Compos 29(7):542–549. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp. 2007.04.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glenn GR, Handy RL (1963) Lime-clay mineral reaction products. High Res Board Rec 29:70–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Grim RE (1968) Clay mineralogy. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Harichane K, Ghrici M (2009) Effect of combination of lime and natural pozzolana on the plasticity of soft clayey soils. 2nd international conference on new developments in soil mechanics and. Geotechnical engineering, 30 May 2009. Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus

    Google Scholar 

  • Harichane K, Ghrici M, Kenai S (2011a) Effect of curing period on shear strength of cohesive soils stabilized with combination of lime and natural pozzolana. Int J Civil Eng 9(2):90–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Harichane K, Ghrici M, Kenai S (2012) Effect of the combination of lime and natural pozzolana on the compaction and strength of soft clayey soils: a preliminary study. Environ Earth Sci 66(8):2197–2205. doi:10.1007/s12665-011-1441-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harichane K, Ghrici M, Kenai S, Grine K (2011b) Use of natural pozzolana and lime for stabilization of cohesive soil. Geot Geol Eng 29(5):759–769. doi:10.1007/s10706-011-9415-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harichane K, Ghrici M, Khebizi W, Missoum H (2010) Effect of the combination of lime and natural pozzolana on the durability of clayey soils. Electron J Geotech Eng 17:1194–1210

    Google Scholar 

  • Harichane K, Ghrici M, Missoum H (2011c) Influence of natural pozzolana and lime additives on the temporal variation of soil compaction and shear strength. Front Earth Sci 5(2):162–169. doi:10.1007/s11707-011-0166-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain KMA, Lachemi M, Easa S (2006) Characteristics of volcanic ash and natural lime based stabilized clayey soils. Can J Civil Eng 33(11):1455–1458. doi:10.1139/L06-099

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain KMA, Lachemi M, Easa S (2007) Stabilized soils for construction applications incorporating natural resources of Papua New Guinea. Resour Conserv Recy 51(4):711–731. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec. 2006.12.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter D (1988) Lime-induced heave in sulphate-bearing clay soils. J Geotech Eng 114(2):150–167. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1988)114:2(150)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kavak A, Akyarli A (2007) A field application for lime stabilization. Environ Geol 51(6):987–997. doi:10.1007/s00254-006-0368-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khemissa M, Mahamedi A (2014) Cement and lime mixture stabilization of an expansive overconsolidated clay. Appl Clay Sci 95:104–110. doi:10.1016/j.clay. 2014.03.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinuthia JM, Wild S, Jones GI (1999) Effects of monovalent and divalent metal sulphates on consistency and compaction of lime-stabilized kaolinite. Appl Clay Sci 14(1):27–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolias S, Kasselouri-Rigopoulou V, Karahalios A (2005) Stabilization of clayey soils with high calcium fly ash and cement. Cem Concr Compos 27(2):301–313. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp. 2004.02.019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar A, Walia BS, Bajaj A (2007) Influence of fly ash, lime, and polyester fibers on compaction and strength properties of expansive soil. J Mater Civil Eng 19(3):242–248. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:3(242)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Borgne T (2010) Effects of potential deleterious chemical compounds on soil stabilization. Dissertation, Nancy-University

  • Lees G, Abdelkader MO, Hamdani SK (1982) Effect of clay fraction on some mechanical properties of lime-soil mixtures. J Inst High Eng 29(11):3–9. doi:10.1016/0148-9062(84)91148-3

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin DF, Lin KL, Hung MJ, Luo HL (2007) Sludge ash/hydrated lime on the geotechnical properties of soft soil. Constr Build Mater 145(1):58–64. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat. 2006.10.087

    Google Scholar 

  • Locat J, Berube MA, Choquette M (1990) Laboratory investigations on the lime stabilization of sensitive clays: shear strength development. Can Geot J 27(3):294–304. doi:10.1139/t90-040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manasseh J, Olufemi AL (2008) Effect of lime on some geotechnical properties of Igumale shale. Elect J Geot Eng 13(6):1–12. doi:10.1080/5344790

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehta PK (1983) Mechanism of sulphate attack on Portland cement concrete-another look. Cem Concr Res 13(3):401–406. doi:10.1016/0008-8846(83)90040-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mfinanga DA, Kamuhabwa ML (2008) Use of natural pozzolan in stabilising lightweight volcanic aggregates for roadbase construction. Int J Pavement Eng 9(3):189–201. doi:10.1080/10298430701303173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell JK (1986) Practical problems from surprising soil. Behaviour. 20th Karl Terzaghi lecture. ASCE, J Geot Eng 112(3):259–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Ola SA (1977) The potentials of lime stabilization of lateritic soils. Eng Geol 11(4):305–317. doi:10.1016/0013-7952(77)90036-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ola SA (1978) Geotechnical properties and behaviour of some stabilized Nigerian laterite soils. Eng Geol 11(2):145–160. doi:10.1144/GSL.QJEG. 1978.011.02.04

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osula DOA (1996) A comparative evaluation of cement and lime modification of laterite. Eng Geol 42(1):71–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ouhadi VR, Yong RN (2008) Ettringite formation and behaviour in clayey soils. Appl Clay Sci 42(1):258–265. doi:10.1016/j.clay. 2008.01.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman MDA (1986) The potentials of some stabilizers for the use of lateritic soil in construction. Build Environ 21(1):57–61. doi:10.1016/0360-1323(86)90008-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roy DM (1986) Mechanism of cement paste degradation due to chemical and physical process, Proceedings of 8th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Brazil, I:359–380

  • Sadrjamali M, Athar SM, Negahdar A (2015) Modifying soil shear strength parameters using additives in laboratory condition. Current world. Environment 10(1):120–113. doi:10.12944/CWE.10.Special-Issue1.17

    Google Scholar 

  • Segui P, Aubert JE, Husson B, Measson M (2013) Utilization of a natural pozzolan as the main component of hydraulic road binder. Constr Build Mater 40:217–223. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat. 2012.09.085

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sezer A, Inan G, Yilmaz HR, Ramyar K (2006) Utilization of a very high lime-fly ash for improvement of Izmir clay. Build Environ 41(2):150–155. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv. 2004.12.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shi C, Day RL (2000) Pozzolanic reaction in the presence of chemical activators part II. Reaction products and mechanisms. Cem Concr Res 30(4):607–613

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sivapullaiah PV, Sridharan A, Ramesh HN (2000) Strength behaviour of lime-treated soils in the presence of sulphate. Can Geot J 37(6):1358–1367. doi:10.1139/t00-052

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sivapullaiah PV, Sridharan A, Ramesh HN (2006) Effect of sulphate on the shear strength of lime treated kaolinitic soil. Ground Improv 10(1):23–30. doi:10.1680/grim. 2006.10.1.23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith CJ, Peoples BM, Keerthisinghe G, James TR, Garden DL, Tuomi SS (1994) Effect of surface applications of lime, gypsum and phosphogypsum on the alleviating of surface and subsurface acidity in a soil under pasture. Aust J Soil Res 32(5):995–1008. doi:10.1071/SR9940995

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sridhran A, Sivapullaiah PV, Ramesh HN (1995) Consolidation behaviour of lime treated sulphate soils. Proc. Int. Symp. Compression Consolidation Clayey Soils, Hiroshima, Japan 1:183–188

  • Wild S, Kinuthia JM, Jones GI, Higgins DD (1998) Effect of partial subsitution of lime with ground granular furnace slag (GGBS) on the strength properties of lime-stabilized sulphate-bearing clay soils. Eng Geol 51(1):37–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zoubir W, Harichane K, Ghrici M (2013) Effect of lime and natural pozzolana on dredged sludge engineering properties. Electron J Geotech Eng 18(c):589–600

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank the director of the Habitat Laboratory and Construction Center (HLCC) (Rouiba Town, Algeria) for providing excellent working conditions and financial support. We also thank the technicians of HLCC for their help during the experimental work, without them this study would not have been possible. Furthermore, our thanks are also addressed to both the head of Hydraulic Department and the technicians of Hydraulic Laboratory of Chlef University.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Matter Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Medea University, 26000, Algiers, Medea, Algeria

    Hamid Gadouri

  2. Geomaterials Laboratory, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Chlef University, 151, Hay Salem, 02000, Chlef, BP, Algeria

    Hamid Gadouri, Khelifa Harichane & Mohamed Ghrici

Authors
  1. Hamid Gadouri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Khelifa Harichane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mohamed Ghrici
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Khelifa Harichane.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gadouri, H., Harichane, K. & Ghrici, M. Effect of sodium sulphate on the shear strength of clayey soils stabilised with additives. Arab J Geosci 10, 218 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3016-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3016-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation