Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Answer
The initial electrocardiogram obtained immediately after implantation of the dual chamber (DDD) pacemaker showed normal atrioventricular pacing with a premature atrial complex after every two beats and an expected left bundle branch block pattern (LBBB) (Fig. 1a). The repeat electrocardiogram showed a similar rhythm with an LBBB, but with concordant ST segment elevation in lead aVR and concordant ST segment depression in leads V2 to V6 (Fig. 1b). The patient developed a refractory cardiogenic shock and a coronary angiography was obtained, which revealed extensive three-vessel disease without thrombi or acute occlusions. Fluoroscopy did not show any signs of lead displacement. The patient died during emergency percutaneous coronary intervention.
The modified Sgarbossa criteria are specific for cardiac ischaemia in patients with ventricular pacing and LBBB: concordant ST segment elevation in any lead, concordant ST segment depression in leads V1 to V3 and discordant ST segment elevation >5 mm in any lead or a ratio of ST segment elevation to S‑wave amplitude of 0.25 or more [1,2,3].
The patient was asymptomatic before implantation of the pacemaker. The low heart rate probably protected him against myocardial ischaemia. After inducing ventricular pacing, the heart rate was normalised to 70 beats per minute, which resulted in panischaemia with subsequent refractory cardiogenic shock due to extensive three-vessel disease. In retrospect, early intervention with lowering of the basal pacing rate might have reversed the development of ischaemia and subsequent cardiogenic shock.
References
Maloy KR, Bhat R, Davis J, et al. Sgarbossa criteria are highly specific for acute myocardial infarction with pacemakers. West J Emerg Med. 2010;11:354–7.
Schaaf SG, Tabas JA, Smith SW. A patient with a paced rhythm presenting with chest pain and hypotension. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173:2082–5.
Sgarbossa EB. Recent advances in the electrocardiographic diagnosis of myocardial infarction: left bundle branch block and pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1996;19:1370–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
B. Klop, L.J.P.M. van Woerkens and M. Bijl declare that they have no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Klop, B., van Woerkens, L.J.P.M. & Bijl, M. Fatal elective DDD pacemaker implantation. Neth Heart J 26, 169–170 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-017-1049-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-017-1049-1