A 73-year-old women receiving digoxin for permanent atrial fibrillation was admitted to the intensive care unit with respiratory failure due to a bacterial pneumonia, several weeks after coronary artery bypass grafting with aortic and mitral valve replacement. Since her ECG showed atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rates, an additional dose of digoxin was given for rate control. The same night she developed a regular tachycardia (Fig. 1) with a changing frontal plane axis over time (Fig. 2). Electrical cardioversion was unsuccessful. What is the aetiology of the tachycardia? And what causes the changing frontal plane axis over time? How should this patient be treated?

Fig. 1
figure 1

Unexpected rhythm regularity in a patient with atrial fibrillation

Fig. 2
figure 2

Changing frontal plane axis over time

Answer

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