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Why Do Robots Need a Head? The Role of Social Interfaces on Service Robots

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Abstract

Developing effective ways for robots to communicate with humans presents many significant design challenges and requires detailed consideration of a wide range of factors. To facilitate communication between people and machines, it is common for robots to possess head-like features capable of providing social feedback through facial expressions, attention, gaze, etc. This paper explores the multifaceted roles that robotic head-like interfaces play in human–robot interaction. The research makes two main contributions. First, the paper outlines the motivations for using social interfaces on service robots and reviews key design insights from past studies in the field. Second, a taxonomy for classifying robot heads is proposed. This taxonomy has broad appeal for designers, as it gives structure to a large, disorganised design space.

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Fig. 1

Sequence of images taken from [70]

Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Images of robots taken from dataset given in [117]

Fig. 4

Images of robots taken from dataset given in [117]

Fig. 5

Images of robots taken from dataset given in [117]

Fig. 6

Images of robots taken from dataset given in [117]

Fig. 7

Images of robots taken from dataset given in [117]

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Notes

  1. The logic behind this hypothesis may not hold true for some features which may have once evolved to serve a purpose, but have since become redundant. For example, humans possess auricular muscles in the ear, which originally evolved to help detect predators/prey, but currently do not serve a purpose since humans lost the ability to control them [61].

  2. The exact number of basic emotions remains a topic of debate among researchers—see [3] for a summary of the most prominent theories on the subject.

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    Conor McGinn

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McGinn, C. Why Do Robots Need a Head? The Role of Social Interfaces on Service Robots. Int J of Soc Robotics 12, 281–295 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-019-00564-5

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