Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

An Evaluation of Youth Mental Health First Aid Training in School Settings

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
School Mental Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Youth Mental Health First Aid (YMHFA) is a training program designed to help adults working with children and adolescents identify and respond to youth who are experiencing mental health problems or are in crisis. YMHFA is being implemented in a number of educational, child welfare, and juvenile justice settings across the country with little evidence of its effectiveness. As part of a broader mental health program implemented in five schools in a southeastern county in the USA, YMHFA was provided to school personnel over a 2-year period. This study presents the results of a pretest/posttest evaluation of the YMHFA training. In general, results provide preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of the YMHFA training. More specifically, results highlight the importance of YMHFA training for personnel who have never received mental health training/education and for those who do not have experience working with vulnerable youth populations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aakre, J. M., Lucksted, A., & Browning-McNee, L. A. (2016). Evaluation of youth Mental Health First Aid USA: A program to assist young people in psychological distress. Psychological Services, 13(2), 121–126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 471–499.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aseltine, R. H., James, A., Schilling, E. A., & Glanovsky, J. (2007). Evaluating the SOS suicide prevention program: A replication and extension. BMC Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkins, M. S., Hoagwood, K. E., Kutash, K., & Seidman, E. (2010). Toward the integration of education and mental health in schools. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 37(1–2), 40–47.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, D. E., & Katsiyannis, A. (2016). Juvenile offending and crime in early adulthood: A large sample analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(4), 1086–1097.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berkel, C., Mauricio, A. M., Schoenfelder, E., & Sandler, I. N. (2011). Putting the pieces together: An integrated model of program implementation. Prevention Science, 12(1), 23–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, K. S., Jorm, A. F., Kitchener, B. A., & Reavley, N. J. (2016). Mental Health First Aid training for Australian financial counsellors: An evaluation study. Advances in Mental Health, 14(1), 65–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Center for Mental Health in Schools (2016). ESSA, equity of opportunity, and addressing barriers to learning. Retrieved from http://smhp.psych.ucla.edu/pdfdocs/essaanal.pdf.

  • Cross, W., Matthieu, M. M., Cerel, J., & Knox, K. L. (2007). Proximate outcomes of gatekeeper training for suicide prevention in the workplace. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37(6), 659–670.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, M. L. (2016). A criminal justice system-wide response to mental illness: Evaluating the effectiveness of the Memphis Crisis Intervention Team training curriculum among law enforcement and correctional officers. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 27(1), 46–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Essasu, C. (2010). Comorbidity of substance use disorders among community-based and high-risk adolescents. Psychiatry Research, 185, 176–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galaif, E. R., Sussman, S., Newcomb, M. D., & Locke, T. F. (2007). Suicidality, depression, and alcohol use among adolescents: A review of empirical findings. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 19(1), 27–35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, K. M., Christensen, H., Jorm, A. F., Evans, K., & Grove, C. (2004). Effect of web-based depression literacy and cognitive-behavioural therapy interventions on stigmatising attitudes to depression. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 185(4), 342–349.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, T. B., Chung, W., Hutchins, H. M., & Chiaburu, D. S. (2014). Do trainer style and learner orientation predict training outcomes? Journal of Workplace Learning, 26(5), 331–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, L. M., Mason, R. J., Kelly, C. M., Cvetkovski, S., & Jorm, A. F. (2016). ‘teen Mental Health First Aid’: A description of the program and initial evaluation. International Journal of Mental Health Systems. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-016-0034-1.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Holmberg, K., & Hjern, A. (2008). Bullying and attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder in 10-year-olds in a Swedish community. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 50(2), 134–138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain, D., Gorman, D., & Eley, R. (2009). Enhancing the knowledge and skills of advisory and extension agents in mental health issues of farmers. Australasian Psychiatry, 17, S116–S120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoza, B., Mrug, S., Gerdes, A. C., Hinshaw, S. P., Bukowski, W. M., Gold, J. A., et al. (2005). What aspects of peer relationships are impaired in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 411–423.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, K. B., Morthorst, B. R., Vendsborg, P. B., Hjorthøj, C., & Nordentoft, M. (2016). Effectiveness of Mental Health First Aid training in denmark: A randomized trial in waitlist design. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(4), 597–606.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jorm, A. F., Kitchener, B. A., & Mugford, S. K. (2005). Experiences in applying skills learned in a Mental Health First Aid training course: A qualitative study of participants’ stories. BMC Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-5-43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorm, A. F., Kitchener, B. A., O’Kearney, R., & Dear, K. B. G. (2004). Mental Health First Aid training of the public in a rural area: A cluster randomized trial. BMC Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-4-33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorm, A. F., Kitchener, B. A., Sawyer, M. G., Scales, H., & Cvetkovski, S. (2010). Mental Health First Aid training for high school teachers: A cluster randomized trial. BMC Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Jacomb, P. A., Christensen, H., Rodgers, B., & Pollitt, P. (1997). “Mental health literacy”: A survey of the public’s ability to recognise mental disorders and their beliefs about the effectiveness of treatment. Medical Journal of Australia, 166(4), 182–186.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, D. P., Schut, L. J. A., Puddy, R., Willams, L., Stephens, R. L., McKeon, R., et al. (2009). Tennessee lives count: Statewide gatekeeper training for youth suicide prevention. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(2), 126–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, C. M., Mithen, J. M., Fischer, J. A., Kitchener, B. A., Jorm, A. F., Lowe, A., et al. (2011). Youth Mental Health First Aid: A description of the program and an initial evaluation. International Journal of Mental Health Systems. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-5-4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Amminger, G. P., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Lee, S., & Ustun, T. B. (2007). Age of onset of mental disorders: A review of recent literature. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20(4), 359–364.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kitchener, B. A., & Jorm, A. F. (2002). Mental Health First Aid training for the public: Evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behavior. BMC Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-2-10.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kitchener, B. A., & Jorm, A. F. (2004). Mental Health First Aid training in a workplace setting: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.11186/1471-244X-4-23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamis, D. A., Underwood, M., & D’Amore, N. (2017). Outcomes of a suicide prevention gatekeeper training program among school personnel. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 38(2), 89–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laye-Gindhu, A., & Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (2005). Nonsuicidal self-harm among community adolescents: Understanding the “whats” and “whys” of self-harm. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(5), 447–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loveland, J. M., Lounsbury, J. W., Welsh, D., & Buboltz, W. C. (2007). The validity of physical aggression in predicting adolescent academic performance. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(1), 167–176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Massey, J., Brooks, M., & Burrow, J. (2014). Evaluating the effectiveness of Mental Health First Aid training among student affairs staff at a Canadian university. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 51(3), 323–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S., Roisman, G. I., Long, J. D., Burt, K. B., Obradovic, J., Riley, J. R., et al. (2005). Developmental cascades: Linking academic achievement and externalizing and internalizing symptoms over 20 years. Developmental Psychology, 41(5), 733–746.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthieu, M. M., Chen, Y., Schohn, M., Lantinga, L. J., & Knox, K. L. (2009). Educational preferences and outcomes from suicide prevention training in the Veterans Health Administration: One-year follow-up with healthcare employees in Update New York. Military Medicine, 174(11), 1123–1131.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Merikangas, K. R., He, J., Brody, D., Fisher, P. W., Bourden, K., & Kortez, D. S. (2010a). Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders among US children in the 2001–2004 NHANES. Pediatrics, 125(1), 75–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merikangas, K. R., He, J., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., et al. (2010b). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication—Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980–989.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Minas, H., Colucci, E., & Jorm, A. F. (2009). Evaluation of Mental Health First Aid training with members of the Vietnamese community in Melbourne, Australia. International Journal of Mental Health Systems. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-3-19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohatt, N. V., Boeckmann, R., Winkel, N., Mohatt, D., & Shore, J. (2017). Military Mental Health First Aid: Development and preliminary efficacy of a community training for improving knowledge, attitudes, and helping behaviors. Military Medicine, 182(1), e1576–e1583.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moon, J., Williford, A., & Mendenhall, A. (2017). Educators’ perceptions of youth mental health: Implications for training and the promotion of mental health services in schools. Children and Youth Services Review, 73, 384–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morawska, A., Fletcher, R., Pope, S., Heathwood, E., Anderson, E., & McAuliffe, C. (2013). Evaluation of Mental Health First Aid training in a diverse community setting. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 22, 85–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Council of Behavioral Health (2017). Youth Mental Health First Aid. Retrieved from https://www.mentalhealthfirstaid.org/about/.

  • O’Reilly, C. L., Bell, S., Kelly, P. J., & Chen, T. F. (2011). Impact of Mental Health First Aid training on pharmacy students’ knowledge, attitudes and self-reported behaviour: A controlled trial. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 549–557.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perou, R., Bitsko, R. H., Blumberg, S. J., Pastor, P., Ghandar, R. M., Gfroerer, J. C., et al. (2013). Mental health surveillance among children—United States, 2005–2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 62(02), 1–35. Retrieved from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6202a1.htm.

  • Pierce, D., Liaw, S. T., Dobell, J., & Anderson, R. (2010). Australian rural football club leaders as mental health advocates: An investigation of the impact of the Coach the Coach project. International Journal of Mental Health Systems. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-4-10.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Poppen, M., Sinclair, J., Hirano, K., Lindstrom, L., & Unruh, D. (2016). Perceptions of mental health concerns for secondary students with disabilities during transition to adulthood. Education and Treatment of Children, 39(2), 221–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quiroga, C. V., Janosz, M., Lyons, J. S., & Morin, A. S. (2012). Grade retention and seventh-grade depression symptoms in the course of school dropout among high-risk adolescents. Psychology, 3(9), 749–755.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reinke, W. M., Stormont, M., Herman, K. C., Puri, R., & Goel, N. (2011). Supporting children’s mental health in schools: Teacher perceptions of needs, roles, and barriers. School Psychology Quarterly, 26(1), 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rostain, A. L., Ramsay, J. R., & Waite, R. (2015). Cultural background and barriers to mental health care for African American adults. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(3), 279–283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selby, E. A., Anestis, M. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Understanding the relationship between emotional and behavioral dysregulation: Emotional cascades. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(5), 593–611.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stephan, S., Brandt, N., Lever, N., Acosta-Price, O., & Connors, E. (2012). Key priorities, challenges and opportunities to advance an integrated mental health and education research agenda. Advances in School Mental Health Promotion, 5(2), 125–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephan, S. H., Sugai, G., Lever, N., & Connors, E. (2015). Strategies for integrating mental health into schools via a multitiered system of support. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24(2), 211–231.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suldo, S., Thalji, A., & Ferron, J. (2011). Longitudinal academic outcomes predicted by early adolescents’ subjective well-being, psychopathology, and mental health status yielded from a dual factor model. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(1), 17–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Svensson, B., & Hansson, L. (2014). Effectiveness of Mental Health First Aid training in Sweden. A randomized controlled trial with a six-month and two-year follow-up. PLoS ONE, 9(6), e100911.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • The White House (2013, January). Now is the time: The president’s plan to protect our children and our communities by reducing gun violence. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/wh_now_is_the_time_full.pdf.

  • Tompkins, T. L., Witt, J., & Abraibesh, N. (2009). Does a gatekeeper suicide prevention program work in a school setting? Evaluating training outcome and moderators of effectiveness. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 39(6), 671–681.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau (2010). The mental and emotional well-being of children: A portrait of states and the nation 2007. Retrieved from https://mchb.hrsa.gov/nsch/07emohealth/moreinfo/pdf/nsch07.pdf.

  • Vogel, D. L., Wester, S. R., & Larson, L. M. (2007). Avoidance of counseling: Psychological factors that inhibit seeking help. Journal of Counseling & Development, 85(4), 410–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, H. J., Gouze, K., & Lim, K. G. (2006). Teachers’ beliefs about mental health needs in inner city elementary schools. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(1), 61–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, D. F. K., Lau, Y., Kwok, S., Wong, P., & Tori, C. (2017). Evaluating the effectiveness of Mental Health First Aid program for Chinese people in Hong Kong. Research on Social Work Practice, 27(1), 59–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wyman, P. A., Brown, C. H., Inman, J., Cross, W., Schmeelk-Cone, K., Guo, J., et al. (2008). Randomized trial of a gatekeeper program for suicide prevention: 1-year impact on secondary school staff. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 104–115.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wyman, P. A., Brown, C. H., LoMurrary, M., Schmeelk-Cone, K., Petrova, M., Wang, Q., et al. (2010). An outcome evaluation of the Sources of Strength suicide prevention program delivered by adolescent peer leaders in high schools. American Journal of Public Health, 100(9), 1653–1661.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This project was funded by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ, Award # 2014-CK-BX-0014) to Drs. Childs and Gryglewicz. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views, opinions, or policies of NIJ; nor does mention of trade names, commercial practices, or organizations imply endorsement by the US Government.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kim Gryglewicz.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gryglewicz, K., Childs, K.K. & Soderstrom, M.F.P. An Evaluation of Youth Mental Health First Aid Training in School Settings. School Mental Health 10, 48–60 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-018-9246-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-018-9246-7

Keywords

Navigation