Abstract
Flowers, leaves, fruits and buds of Tropaeolum majus are used for ornamental, medicinal and food purposes. However, salt stress limits the development and productivity of T. majus due to biochemical, physiological and anatomical disturbances. Polyamine application is an alternative for mitigating the harmful effects of salt stress. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of spermine application in T. majus grown under salt stress. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme, with 0, 40 mM (moderate salt stress) and 80 mM (severe salt stress) NaCl, and 0 and 1 mM spermine, and with five replicates. Growth (plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of flowers, number of buds, leaf dry mass, stem dry mass and flower dry mass), gas exchange (gs, A, E, Ci and WUE), relative water content, contents of free amino acids, phenolic compounds, reducing and non-reducing sugars, lipid peroxidation and enzymatic activities (CAT, POD and APX) were evaluated. Spermine application decreased the harmful effects of salt stress on the growth and gas exchange and increased flowering in T. majus. Furthermore, the relative water content of T. majus increased under severe salt stress conditions. Spermine application reduced the contents of total phenolic compounds, free amino acids, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars on leaves of T. majus. Spermine application increased CAT and POD activities in plants under severe salt stress and POD and APX in plants under moderate salt stress.
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq - finance code 140636/2019-6), the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES - finance code 001) and the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG). The authors wish to thank the David Michael Miller a native translator who corrected the language of this paper.
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The authors thank the National Council for Scientifc and Technological Development (CNPq – finance code 140636/2019-6).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed Toshik Iarley da Silva, Marlon Gomes Dias, Nícolas Oliveira de Araújo, Mirelle Nayana de Sousa Santos and Renata Ranielly Pedroza Cruz. The first draft of the manuscript was corrected by Thiago Jardelino Dias, Wellington Souto Ribeiro, José Antonio Saraiva Grossi and José Geraldo Barbosa. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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da Silva, T.I., Dias, M.G., de Araújo, N.O. et al. Spermine reduces the harmful effects of salt stress in Tropaeolum majus. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 28, 687–696 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-022-01165-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-022-01165-9