Abstract
We aimed to assess whether measuring carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and oxidative stress markers such as protein carbonyls, malondialdehyde, nitrate and glutathione in plasma of elderly patients without and with coronary artery disease (CAD) identifies early risk for CAD. A total of 50 cases with cardiovascular risk factors over the age of 60 years without CAD, and 50 patients with angiographically documented CAD over the age of 60 years were included in the study. Control group consists of 200 healthy individuals without the risk factors. Demographic details were obtained from all the subjects and CIMT measured by high frequency ultrasound and oxidative stress markers such protein carbonyls, malondialdehyde and total glutathione were determined in plasma by spectrophotometric methods. The distribution of cardiovascular risk factors in without CAD and CAD cases were smokers (16 vs 56 %), hypertension (26 vs 64 %), diabetes (16 vs 56 %) and dyslipidemia (18 vs 58 %) and positive family history (4 vs 38 %). None of the control group had any cardiovascular risk factors. Among the CAD cases, 16 % had single vessel disease, 44 % had double vessel disease and 40 % had triple vessel disease. The CIMT was significantly increased in CAD cases as compared to cases without CAD and healthy controls. On the other hand, CIMT was significantly increased in cases without CAD as compared to healthy controls. CIMT also increased with the duration of diabetes in patients without CAD and severity of disease in CAD cases. The levels of oxidants like plasma malondialdehyde, protein carbonyls, were significantly elevated and antioxidant glutathione levels and nitrate levels were significantly reduced in cases with and without CAD as compared to healthy controls. Oxidative stress markers and CIMT was found to be significantly increased in patients with cardiovascular risk factors like diabetes, family history of CAD, dyslipidemia, hypertension and smoking when compared to patients without risk factors. In patients with diabetes, CIMT increased as duration of disease increases and also in poorly controlled diabetes. In CAD group, when number of vessel involvement (severity of coronary disease) increases, the CIMT also increases confirming that CIMT is a quantifiable risk factor for CAD.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sharma M, Ganguly NK. Premature coronary artery disease in Indians and its associated risk factors. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2005;1:217–25.
Haskell WL. Cardiovascular disease prevention and lifestyle interventions: effectiveness and efficacy. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2003;18(4):245–55.
Johnson PA, Manson JE. Cardiology patient page. How to make sure the beat goes on: protecting a woman’s heart. Circulation. 2005;111(4):e28–33.
Huang Y, Hu Y, Mai W, Cai X, Song Y, Wu Y, et al. Plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein is an independent risk factor in young patients with coronary artery disease. Dis Markers. 2011;31(5):295–301.
Rosamond W, Flegal K, Furie K, Go A, Greenlund K, Haase N, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2008 update: a report from the American heart association statistics committee and stroke statistics subcommittee. Circulation. 2008;117(4):e25–146.
Powell JT. Vascular damage from smoking: disease mechanisms at the arterial wall. Vasc Med. 1998;3(1):21–8.
Pringle E, Phillips C, Thijs L, Davidson C, Staessen JA, de Leeuw PW, et al. Systolic blood pressure variability as a risk factor for stroke and cardiovascular mortality in the elderly hypertensive population. J Hypertens. 2003;21(12):2251–7.
Chen X, Touyz RM, Park JB, Schiffrin EL. Antioxidant effects of vitamins C and E are associated with altered activation of vascular NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase in stroke-prone SHR. Hypertension. 2001;38(3 Pt 2):606–11.
Zalba G, San José G, Moreno MU, Fortuño MA, Fortuño A, Beaumont FJ, et al. Oxidative stress in arterial hypertension: role of NAD(P)H oxidase. Hypertension. 2001;38(6):1395–9.
Kumar KV, Das UN. Are free radicals involved in the pathobiology of human essential hypertension? Free Radic Res Commun. 1993;19(1):59–66.
Cai H, Harrison DG. Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: the role of oxidant stress. Circ Res. 2000;87(10):840–4.
Landmesser U, Dikalov S, Price SR, McCann L, Fukai T, Holland SM, et al. Oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin leads to uncoupling of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase in hypertension. J Clin Invest. 2003;111(8):1201–9.
Cutler RG, Plummer J, Chowdhury K, Heward C. Oxidative stress profiling: part II. Theory, technology, and practice. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1055:136–58.
Beal MF. Oxidatively modified proteins in aging and disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002;32(9):797–803.
Oberg BP, McMenamin E, Lucas FL, McMonagle E, Morrow J, Ikizler TA, et al. Increased prevalence of oxidant stress and inflammation in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2004;65(3):1009–16.
Renke J, Popadiuk S, Korzon M, Bugajczyk B, Wozniak M. Protein carbonyl groups’ content as a useful clinical marker of antioxidant barrier impairment in plasma of children with juvenile chronic arthritis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000;29(2):101–4.
Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, Rosvall M, Sitzer M. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2007;115(4):459–67.
Daneshvar SA, Naqvi TZ. Carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaques in cardiovascular risk assessment. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2009;3(2):121–30.
Dhananjayan R, Malati T, Brindha G, Kutala VK. Association of family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus with markers of endothelial dysfunction in South Indian population. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 2013;50(2):93–8.
Kanters SD, Algra A, Banga JD. Carotid intima-media thickness in hyperlipidemic type I and type II diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(3):276–80.
Yoon JH, Kim JY, Park JK, Ko SB. Oxidative damage markers are significantly associated with the carotid artery intima-media thickness after controlling for conventional risk factors of atherosclerosis in men. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0119731.
Placer ZA, Cushman LL, Johnson BC. Estimation of product of lipid peroxidation (malonyl dialdehyde) in biochemical systems. Anal Biochem. 1966;16(2):359–64.
Rajesh M, Sulochana KN, Coral K, Punitham R, Biswas J, Babu K, et al. Determination of carbonyl group content in plasma proteins as a useful marker to assess impairment in antioxidant defense in patients with Eales’ disease. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2004;52(2):139–44.
Miranda KM, Espey MG, Wink DA. A rapid, simple spectrophotometric method for simultaneous detection of nitrate and nitrite. Nitric Oxide. 2001;5(1):62–71.
Ellman GL. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1959;82(1):70–7.
Espeland MA, Craven TE, Riley WA, Corson J, Romont A, et al. Reliability of longitudinal ultrasonographic measurements of carotid intimal-medial thicknesses. Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Progression Study Research Group. Stroke. 1996;27(3):480–5.
Oren A, Vos LE, Uiterwaal CS, Grobbee DE, Bots ML. Cardiovascular risk factors and increased carotid intima-media thickness in healthy young adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Young Adults (ARYA) Study. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(15):1787–92.
Touboul PJ, Vicaut E, Labreuche J, Belliard JP, Cohen S, Kownator S, et al. Correlation between the framingham risk score and intima media thickness: the Paroi Artérielle et Risque Cardio-vasculaire (PARC) study. Atherosclerosis. 2007;192(2):363–9.
Howard G, Sharrett AR, Heiss G, Evans GW, Chambless LE, Riley WA, et al. Carotid artery intimal-medial thickness distribution in general populations as evaluated by B-mode ultrasound. ARIC Investig Stroke. 1993;24(9):1297–304.
Hansa G, Bhargava K, Bansal M, Tandon S, Kasliwal RR. Carotid intima-media thickness and coronary artery disease: an Indian perspective. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2003;11(3):217–21.
O’Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Kittner SJ, Bond MG, Wolfson SK Jr, et al. Distribution and correlates of sonographically detected carotid artery disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke. 1992;23(12):1752–60.
Fateh-Moghadam S, Li Z, Ersel S, Reuter T, Htun P, Plöckinger U, et al. Platelet degranulation is associated with progression of intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25(6):1299–303.
Jeevarethinam A, Venuraju S, Weymouth M, Atwal S, Lahiri A. Carotid intimal thickness and plaque predict prevalence and severity of coronary atherosclerosis: a pilot study. Angiology. 2015;66(1):65–9.
Agarwal AK, Gupta PK, Singla S, Garg U, Prasad A, et al. Carotid intimomedial thickness in type 2 diabetic patients and its correlation with coronary risk factors. J Assoc Physicians India. 2008;56:581–6.
Mohan V, Ravikumar R, Shanthi Rani S, Deepa R. Intimal medial thickness of the carotid artery in South Indian diabetic and non-diabetic subjects: the Chennai Urban Population Study (CUPS). Diabetologia. 2000;43(4):494–9.
Limbu YR, Rajbhandari R, Sharma R, Singh S, Limbu D, Adhikari CM, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and carotid plaques in young Nepalese patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2015;5(1):1–7.
Raitakari OT, Juonala M, Kähönen M, Taittonen L, Laitinen T, Mäki-Torkko N, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and carotid artery intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. JAMA. 2003;290(17):2277–83.
Kablak-Ziembicka A, Tracz W, Przewlocki T, Pieniazek P, Sokolowski A, et al. Association of increased carotid intima-media thickness with the extent of coronary artery disease. Heart. 2004;90(11):1286–90.
Yamasaki Y, Kodama M, Nishizawa H, Sakamoto K, Matsuhisa M, Kajimoto Y, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness in Japanese type 2 diabetic subjects: predictors of progression a relationship with incident coronary heart disease. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(9):1310–5.
Harrison DG. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of endothelial cell dysfunction. J Clin Invest. 1997;100(9):2153–7.
Vijaya Lakshmi SV, Naushad SM, Seshagiri Rao D, Kutala VK. Oxidative stress is associated with genetic polymorphisms in one-carbon metabolism in coronary artery disease. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2013;67(2):353–61.
Lakshmi SV, Naushad SM, Reddy CA, Saumya K, Rao DS, Kotamraju S, et al. Oxidative stress in coronary artery disease: epigenetic perspective. Mol Cell Biochem. 2013;374(1–2):203–11.
Cosentino F, Sill JC, Katusić ZS. Role of superoxide anions in the mediation of endothelium-dependent contractions. Hypertension. 1994;23(2):229–35.
Chen K, Thomas SR, Keaney JF Jr. Beyond LDL oxidation: ROS in vascular signal transduction. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003;35(2):117–32.
Majumdar S, Mukherjee S, Maiti A, Karmakar S, Das AS, Mukherjee M, et al. Folic acid or combination of folic acid and vitamin B(12) prevents short-term arsenic trioxide-induced systemic and mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage. Environ Toxicol. 2009;24(4):377–87.
Fischer PA, Dominguez GN, Cuniberti LA, Martinez V, Werba JP, Ramirez AJ, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia induces renal hemodynamic dysfunction: is nitric oxide involved? J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(3):653–60.
Dayal S, Arning E, Bottiglieri T, Böger RH, Sigmund CD, Faraci FM, et al. Cerebral vascular dysfunction mediated by superoxide in hyperhomocysteinemic mice. Stroke. 2004;35(8):1957–62.
Ashfaq S, Abramson JL, Jones DP, Rhodes SD, Weintraub WS, Hooper WC, et al. The relationship between plasma levels of oxidized and reduced thiols and early atherosclerosis in healthy adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(5):1005–11.
Ceriello A, Motz E. Is oxidative stress the pathogenic mechanism underlying insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease? The common soil hypothesis revisited. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24(5):816–23.
Seghrouchni I, Drai J, Bannier E, Rivière J, Calmard P, Garcia I, et al. Oxidative stress parameters in type I, type II and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus; insulin treatment efficiency. Clin Chim Acta. 2002;321(1–2):89–96.
Lee AY, Chung SS. Contributions of polyol pathway to oxidative stress in diabetic cataract. FASEB J. 1999;13(1):23–30.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors have no conflict of interest exist.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Madisetty, M.K., Kumaraswami, K., Katkam, S. et al. Assessment of Oxidative Stress Markers and Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness in Elderly Patients Without and with Coronary Artery Disease. Ind J Clin Biochem 31, 278–285 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-015-0530-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-015-0530-0