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Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Endothelial dysfunction is an imbalance in the production of vasodilator factors and when this balance is disrupted, it predisposes the vasculature towards pro-thrombotic and pro-atherogenic effects. This results in vasoconstriction, leukocyte adherence, platelet activation, mitogenesis, pro-oxidation, impaired coagulation and nitric oxide production, vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Endothelial dysfunction is focussed as it is a potential contributor to the pathogenesis of vascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Under physiological conditions, there is a balanced release of endothelial-derived relaxing and contracting factors, but this delicate balance is altered in diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis, thereby contributing to further progression of vascular and end-organ damage. This review focuses on endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress associated with diabetes mellitus, markers and genetics that are implicated in endothelial dysfunction.

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Abbreviations

ACh:

Acetyl choline

AGE:

Advanced glycosylation end-product

Ang II:

Angiotensin II

AR:

Aldose reductase

CAD:

Coronary artery disease

cGMP:

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate

DAG:

Diacylglycerol

DM:

Diabetes mellitus

ECM:

Extra cellular matrix

ED:

Endothelial dysfunction

EDHF:

Endothelial derived hyperpolarizing factor

EDN1:

Endothelin-1

IRS1:

Insulin receptor substrate 1

eNOS:

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase

ET-1:

Endothelin-1

GFAT:

Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase

GP:

Glycerol 3-phosphate

GSH:

Glutathione

hsCRP:

High sensitive C-reactive protein

IMT:

Intimal medial thickening

MAPK:

Mitogen activated protein kinase

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemotactic protein-1

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MTHFR:

Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor κB

NO:

Nitric oxide

PA:

Phosphatidic acid

PAI-1:

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

PG:

Prostaglandin

PGI:

Prostacyclin

PIK3:

Phosphatidyl inositol-3′-kinase

PUFA:

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SDH:

Sorbitol dehydrogenase

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

t-PA:

Tissue-type plasminogen activator

VCAM-1:

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1

VSMC:

Vascular smooth muscle cell

vWF:

Von Willebrand factor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, ACS Medical College & Hospital, Velappanchavadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    R. Dhananjayan

  2. Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education (University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    K. S. Srivani Koundinya

  3. Department of Biochemistry, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

    T. Malati

  4. Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Biochemistry), Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

    Vijay Kumar Kutala

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  1. R. Dhananjayan
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  2. K. S. Srivani Koundinya
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  3. T. Malati
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Correspondence to R. Dhananjayan.

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Dhananjayan, R., Koundinya, K.S.S., Malati, T. et al. Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Ind J Clin Biochem 31, 372–379 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-015-0516-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-015-0516-y

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