Skip to main content
Log in

Capitalism, democracy, and the European Union

Kapitalismus, Demokratie und die Europäische Union

  • Essay
  • Published:
Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Engaging with articles published in this journal by Wolfgang Merkel, Wolfgang Streeck and Colin Crouch, the present article seeks to elaborate on the relation between capitalism and democracy in the European Union. The key question addressed by the article is whether and to what extent democracy is possible within the EU, or whether the EU must be regarded as the Trojan horse of capitalism. The first two sections consist of a brief discussion of the main arguments raised in the foregoing debate and of the institutional and politico-cultural dimensions of democracy in the EU’s multilevel system. The central section of the paper is devoted to a discussion of the complex contexts and actors influencing the relation between democracy and capitalism, or rather, economic liberalization and deregulation, in the EU. In the fifth and final section I consider whether and to what extent democracy is possible within the EU’s system of liberal capitalism and how representative democracy in the EU and the multilevel system could be safeguarded and improved under current conditions. To this end, I present six possible pathways for institutional and democratic reform that are of varying complexity.

Zusammenfassung

Der Beitrag diskutiert die Beziehung zwischen Demokratie und Kapitalismus in der Europäischen Union und knüpft dabei an Beiträge an, die Wolfgang Merkel, Wolfgang Streeck und Colin Crouch in der ZfVP zum Thema „Kapitalismus und Demokratie“ vorgelegt haben. Die leitende Frage ist, ob und inwieweit Demokratie in der EU möglich ist, oder ob diese als Trojanisches Pferd des Kapitalismus betrachtet werden muss. In den ersten beiden Abschnitten werden dazu die Kernargumente aus der bisherigen Debatte um „Demokratie und Kapitalismus“ rekapituliert und die institutionelle sowie die politisch-kulturelle Dimension von Demokratie im EU-Mehrebenensystem diskutiert. Der Hauptteil widmet sich einer Analyse der komplexen Zusammenhänge der Kontexte und Akteure, die die Beziehung von Demokratie und Kapitalismus, oder genauer: wirtschaftlicher Liberalisierung und Deregulierung, in der EU prägen. Im fünften und abschließenden Abschnitt wird diskutiert, ob und inwieweit Demokratie im marktliberalen Kapitalismus der EU möglich ist und wie Demokratie im EU-Mehrebenensystem unter diesen Umständen geschützt und verbessert werden könnte. Abschließend werden sechs mögliche institutionelle Reformen vorgestellt.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. This argument differs from that made within the demoicracy debate: proponents of demoicracy mainly argue that only national demoi can provide a legitimating foundation for the EU (see e. g. Nicolaïdis 2013).

  2. There is a great number of publications that study lobbying in the EU, (see, e. g., Rasmussen 2015; Dürr and Mateo 2014).

References

  • Beetham, David, and Christopher Lord. 1998. Legitimacy and the European Union. In Political theory and the European Union, ed. Albert Weale, Michael Nentwich, 15–33. London: Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bellamy, Richard, and Dario Castiglione. 2003. Legitimizing the Euro-‘polity’ and its ‘regime’: the normative turn in EU studies. European Journal of Political Theory 1(2):7–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Checkel, Jeffrey T., and Peter Katzenstein. 2009. The politicization of European Union identities. In European identity, ed. Jeffrey T. Checkel, 1–25. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Crouch, Colin. 2015. Comment on Wolfgang Merkel, “Is capitalism compatible with democracy?”. Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft 9(1–2):61–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diez Medrano, Juan. 2009. The public sphere and the European Union’s political identity. In European identity, ed. Jeffrey T. Checkel, 81–107. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Duerr, A., and G. Mateo. 2014. The Europeanization of interest groups. Group type, resources and policy area. European Union Politics 15(4):572–594.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Føllesdal, Andreas, and Simon Hix. 2006. Why there is a democratic deficit the EU: a response to Majone and Moravscik. Journal of Common Market Studies 44(3):533–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grimm, Dieter. 2014. Europa ja – aber welches? Merkur 68(797):1045–1059.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, Jürgen. 1999. Braucht Europa eine Verfassung? Eine Bemerkung zu Dieter Grimm. In Die Einbeziehung des Anderen, 185–191. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, Jürgen. 2001. Euroskepsis, Markteuropa, oder Europa der (Welt-)Bürger. In Zeit der Übergänge, 85–103. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heller, Hermann. 2015. Authoritarian liberalism? European Law Journal 21(3):295–301. doi:10.1111/eulj.12125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hix, Simon. 2008. What’s wrong with the European Union and how to fix it. Cambridge Malden MA: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hix, Simon, and Bjørn K. Høyland. 2011. The political system of the European Union, 3rd edn., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hix, Simon, and Bjørn Høyland. 2013. Empowerment of the European Parliament. Annual Review of Political Science 16(1):171–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lilie, Nathan. 2016. The right not to have rights. Theoretical Inquiries in Law 17(1):39–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majone, Giandomenico. 1998. Europe’s “democratic deficit”: the question of standards. European Law Journal 4(1):5–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menéndez, Agustín J. 2015. Hermann Heller NOW. European Law Journal 21(3):285–294. doi:10.1111/eulj.12135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mény, Yves. 2003. De la démocratie en Europe: old concepts and new challenges. Journal of Common Market Studies 41(1):1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merkel, Wolfgang. 2014. Is capitalism compatible with democracy? Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft 8(2):109–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merkel, Wolfgang. 2016. The challenge of capitalism to democracy. Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft 10(1):61–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moravscik, Andrew. 2002. In defence of the “democratic deficit”: reassessing legitimacy in the European Union. Journal of Common Market Studies 40(4):603–624.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Graff, Peter C. 2011. Euro-Budgethilfenpolitik im rechtlichen Neuland. Integration 4:289–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolaïdis, and Kalypso. 2013. European democracy and its crisis. Journal of Common Market Studies 51(2):351–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, Maja K. 2015. The battle for influence. The politics of business lobbying in the european parliament. Journal of Common Market Studies 53(2):365–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scharpf, Fritz W. 1999. Governing in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheuerman, William E. 2015. Hermann Heller and the European Crisis: authoritarian liberalism redux? European Law Journal 21(3):302–312. doi:10.1111/eulj.12126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Somek, Alexander. 2015. Delegation and authority: authoritarian liberalism today. European Law Journal 21(3):340–360. doi:10.1111/eulj.12132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Streeck, Wolfgang. 2014. Buying time. The delayed crisis of democratic capitalism. Brooklyn NY: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streeck, Wolfgang. 2015. Comment on Wolfgang Merkel, “Is capitalism compatible with democracy?”. Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft 9(1–2):49–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiilikainen, Teija, and Claudia Wiesner. 2016. Towards a political theory of EU parliamentarism? In Parliament and Parliamentarism. A comparative history of disputes on a European concept, ed. Pasi Ihailainen, Cornelia Ilie, and Kari Palonen, 292–310. New York: Berghahn Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tömmel, Ingeborg. 2014. The European Union: what it is and how it works. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesner, Claudia. 2007. Bürgerschaft und Demokratie in der EU. Münster: Lit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiesner, Claudia. 2012. Bürgerschaft, Demokratie und Gerechtigkeit in der EU. In Demokratie und Gerechtigkeit in Verteilungskonflikten, ed. Regina Kreide, Claudia Landwehr, and Katrin Töns, 185–210. Baden-Baden: Nomos.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesner, Claudia. 2014a. Demokratisierung der EU durch nationale Europadiskurse? Strukturen und Prozesse europäischer Identitätsbildung im deutsch-französischen Vergleich. Baden-Baden: Nomos.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesner, Claudia. 2014b. From safeguarding peace in Europe to financial crisis: old questions and new challenges of EU integration. In The Meanings of Europe, ed. Claudia Wiesner, Meike Schmidt-Gleim. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiesner, Claudia. 2016. Gewaltenteilung und Demokratie in der EU-Finanzhilfenpolitik. In Gewaltenteilung und Demokratie im EU-Mehrebenensystem, ed. Miriam Hartlapp, Claudia Wiesner, 231–249. Wiesbaden: VS.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

EU Documents and Websites

Download references

Acknowledgements

My special thanks to Johannes Loheide for his thoughtful and reflective discussion of the topic.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Claudia Wiesner.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wiesner, C. Capitalism, democracy, and the European Union. Z Vgl Polit Wiss 10, 219–239 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-016-0320-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-016-0320-y

Keywords

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation