Abstract
Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) show great promise for achieving energy densities over 400 Wh·kg−1. However, highly flammable organic electrolytes are a long-lasting problem that triggers safety hazards and hinders the commercial application of LMBs. Here, a nonflammable diluted highly concentrated electrolyte (DHCE) with ethoxy(pentafluoro)cyclotriphosphazene (PFPN) as a diluent is developed to simultaneously achieve high safety and cycling stability of high-voltage LMBs. The optimal DHCE not only ensures reversible Li deposition/dissolution behavior with a superior average Coulombic efficiency (CE) over 99.1% on lithium metal anode (LMA), but also suppresses side reactions and stress crack on the LiCoO2 (LCO) under high cut-off voltage. The newly developed DHCE exhibits high thermal stability, showing complete nonflammability and reduced heat generation between the electrolyte and delithiated LCO/cycled LMA. This work offers an opportunity for rational designing nonflammable electrolytes toward high-voltage and safe LMBs.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China (No. 4000-202320087A-1-1-ZN). The authors gratefully acknowledge the Analytical and Testing Center of HUST for allowing us to use its facilities. The authors thank Shiyanjia Lab (https://www.shiyanjia.com) for the density analysis.
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Zhang, H., Zeng, Z., Wang, S. et al. High-safety and high-voltage lithium metal batteries enabled by nonflammable diluted highly concentrated electrolyte. Nano Res. 17, 2638–2645 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6056-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6056-5