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In situ tracking of the lithiation and sodiation process of disodium terephthalate as anodes for rechargeable batteries by Raman spectroscopy

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Abstract

Organic compounds represent an appealing group of electrode materials for rechargeable batteries due to their merits of biomass, sustainability, environmental friendliness, and processability. Disodium terephthalate (Na2C8H4O4, Na2TP), an organic salt with a theoretical capacity of 255 mAh·g−1, is electroactive towards both lithium and sodium. However, its electrochemical energy storage (EES) process has not been directly observed via in situ characterization techniques and the underlying mechanisms are still under debate. Herein, in situ Raman spectroscopy was employed to track the de/lithiation and de/sodiation processes of Na2TP. The appearance and then disappearance of the −COOLi Raman band at 1625 cm−1 during the de/lithiation, and the increase and then decrease of the −COONa Raman band at 1615 cm−1 during the de/sodiation processes of Na2TP elucidate the one-step with the 2Li+ or 2Na+ transfer mechanism. We also found that the inferior cycling stability of Na2TP as an anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) than lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) could be due to the larger ion radium of Na+ than Li+, which results in larger steric resistance and polarization during EES. The Na2TP, therefore, shows greater changes in spectra during de/sodiation than de/lithiation. We expect that our findings could provide a reference for the rational design of organic compounds for EES.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22005130, 22272069, 22004054, and 21925404) and the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (Nos. 2021J01988 and 2020J05163).

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  1. Xiu-Mei Lin and Chong Han contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and Environment Science, Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Analytical Science, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China

    Xiu-Mei Lin, Wei-Qiang Yang & Hong-Xu Guo

  2. College of Energy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China

    Xiu-Mei Lin, Chong Han, Xin-Tao Yang, Jia-Sheng Lin, Yao-Hui Wang, Jin-Chao Dong & Jian-Feng Li

  3. Institute of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China

    Jian-Feng Li

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In situ tracking of the lithiation and sodiation process of disodium terephthalate as anodes for rechargeable batteries by Raman spectroscopy

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Lin, XM., Han, C., Yang, XT. et al. In situ tracking of the lithiation and sodiation process of disodium terephthalate as anodes for rechargeable batteries by Raman spectroscopy. Nano Res. 17, 245–252 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-5680-4

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