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Hole-doping of mechanically exfoliated graphene by confined hydration layers

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Abstract

By the use of non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), we measure the local surface potential of mechanically exfoliated graphene on the prototypical insulating hydrophilic substrate of CaF2(111). Hydration layers confined between the graphene and the CaF2 substrate, resulting from the graphene’s preparation under ambient conditions on the hydrophilic substrate surface, are found to electronically modify the graphene as the material’s electron density transfers from graphene to the hydration layer. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict that the first 2 to 3 water layers adjacent to the graphene hole-dope the graphene by several percent of a unit charge per unit cell.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, P. O. Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands

    Tjeerd R. J. Bollmann

  2. Fachbereich Physik, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 7, Osnabrück, 49076, Germany

    Tjeerd R. J. Bollmann, Matthias Temmen & Michael Reichling

  3. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russian Federation

    Liubov Yu. Antipina

  4. Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russian Federation

    Liubov Yu. Antipina

  5. National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Moscow, 119049, Russian Federation

    Pavel B. Sorokin

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  1. Tjeerd R. J. Bollmann
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Correspondence to Tjeerd R. J. Bollmann.

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Bollmann, T.R.J., Antipina, L.Y., Temmen, M. et al. Hole-doping of mechanically exfoliated graphene by confined hydration layers. Nano Res. 8, 3020–3026 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-015-0807-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-015-0807-x

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