Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

IP10, KC and M-CSF Are Remarkably Increased in the Brains from the Various Strains of Experimental Mice Infected with Different Scrapie Agents

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Virologica Sinica

Abstract

Activation of inflammatory cells and upregulations of a number of cytokines in the central nervous system (CNS) of patients with prion diseases are frequently observed. To evaluate the potential changes of some brain cytokines that were rarely addressed during prion infection, the levels of 17 different cytokines in the brain homogenates of mice infected with different scrapie mouse-adapted agents were firstly screened with Luminex assay. Significant upregulations of interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP10), keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) were frequently detected in the brain lysates of many strains of scrapie infected mice. The upregulations of those three cytokines in the brains of scrapie infected mice were further validated by the individual specific ELISA and immunohistochemical assay. Increased specific mRNAs of IP10, M-CSF and KC in the brains of scrapie infected mice were also detected by the individual specific qRT-PCRs and IP10-specific digital PCR. Dynamic analyses of the brain samples collected at different time points post infection revealed the time-dependent increases of those three cytokines, particularly IP10 during the incubation period of scrapie infection. In addition, we also found that the levels of IP10 in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of 45 sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (sCJD) patients were slightly but significantly higher than those of the cases who were excluded the diagnosis of prion diseases. These data give us a better understanding of inflammatory reaction during prion infection and progression of prion disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aguzzi A, Nuvolone M, Zhu C (2013) The immunobiology of prion diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 13:888–902

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Giuggioli D, Ferrannini E, Ferri C, Fallahi P (2014) Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)10 in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 13:272–280

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong RA, Cairns NJ, Lantos PL (2001) Spatial pattern of prion protein deposits in patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Neuropathology 21:19–24

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aubry F, Habasque C, Satie AP, Jégou B, Samson M (2000) Expression and regulation of the CXC-chemokines, GRO/KC and IP-10/mob-1 in rat seminiferous tubules. Eur Cytokine Netw 11:690–698

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birkett CR, Hennion RM, Bembridge DA, Clarke MC, Chree A, Bruce ME, Bostock CJ (2001) Scrapie strains maintain biological phenotypes on propagation in a cell line in culture. EMBO J 20:3351–3358

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bockman JM, Prusiner SB, Tateishi J, Kingsbury DT (1987) Immunoblotting of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease prion proteins: host species—specific epitopes. Ann Neurol 21:589–595

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boshtam M, Asgary S, Kouhpayeh S, Shariati L, Khanahmad H (2017) Aptamers against pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines: a review. Inflammation 40:340–349

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown AR, Webb J, Rebus S, Walker R, Williams A, Fazakerley JK (2003) Inducible cytokine gene expression in the brain in the ME7/CV mouse model of scrapie is highly restricted, is at a strikingly low level relative to the degree of gliosis and occurs only late in disease. J Gen Virol 84:2605–2611

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell IL, Eddleston M, Kemper P, Oldstone MB, Hobbs MV (1994) Activation of cerebral cytokine gene expression and its correlation with onset of reactive astrocyte and acute-phase response gene expression in scrapie. J Virol 68:2383

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cardile V, Malaponte G, Musumeci G, Libra M, Loreto C (2009) Increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase c in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells treated with mineral fibres. Toxicol Lett 189:S131

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke MC, Haig DA (1971) Multiplication of scrapie agent in mouse spleen. Res Vet Sci 12:195–197

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Felton LM, Cunningham C, Rankine EL, Waters S, Boche D, Perry VH (2005) MCP-1 and murine prion disease: separation of early behavioural dysfunction from overt clinical disease. Neurobiol Dis 20:283–295

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galimberti D, Venturelli E, Fenoglio C, Lovati C, Guidi I, Scalabrini D, Mariani C, Bresolin N, Scarpini E (2010) IP-10 serum levels are not increased in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Neurol 14:e3–e4

    Google Scholar 

  • Gasque P, Dean YD, McGreal EP, VanBeek J, Morgan BP (2000) Complement components of the innate immune system in health and disease in the CNS. Immunopharmacology 49:171–186

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gossner A, Hunter N, Hopkins J (2006) Role of lymph-borne cells in the early stages of scrapie agent dissemination from the skin. Vet Immun Immunopathol 109:267–278

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton JA, Whitty G, White AR, Jobling MF, Thompson A, Barrow CJ, Cappai R, Beyreuther K, Masters CL (2002) Alzheimer’s disease amyloid beta and prion protein amyloidogenic peptides promote macrophage survival, DNA synthesis and enhanced proliferative response to CSF-1 (M-CSF). Brain Res 940:49–54

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch EC, Hunot S (2009) Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease: a target for neuroprotection? Lancet Neurol 8:382–397

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch EC, Vyas S, Hunot S (2012) Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 18:S210–S212

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JI, Ju WK, Choi JH, Kim J, Choi EK, Carp RI, Wisniewski HM, Kim YS (1999) Expression of cytokine genes and increased nuclear factor-kappa B activity in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 73:17–27

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klöhn PC, Stoltze L, Flechsig E, Enari M, Weissmann C (2003) A quantitative, highly sensitive cell-based infectivity assay for mouse scrapie prions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:11666–11671

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindell DM, Lane TE, Lukacs NW (2008) CXCL10/CXCR3-mediated responses promote immunity to respiratory syncytial virus infection by augmenting dendritic cell and CD8+T cell efficacy. Eur J Immunol 38:2168–2179

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Little RF, Pluda JM, Wyvill KM, Rodriguez-Chavez IR, Tosato G, Catanzaro AT, Steinberg SM, Yarchoan R (2006) Activity of subcutaneous interleukin-12 in AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. Blood 107:4650–4657

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lu ZY, Baker CA, Manuelidis L (2004) New molecular markers of early and progressive CJD brain infection. J Cell Biochem 93:644–652

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marella M, Chabry J (2004) Neurons and astrocytes respond to prion infection by inducing microglia recruitment. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci 24:620–627

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mehta J (2005) Cytokines in hematopoietic stem cell. Transplant Cancer Treat Res 126:333

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohd Hasni DS, Lim SM, Chin AV, Tan MP, Poi PJ, Kamaruzzaman SB, Majeed AB, Ramasamy K (2017) Peripheral cytokines, C-X-C motif ligand10 and interleukin-13, are associated with Malaysian Alzheimer’s disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int 17:839–846

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monnet C, Gavard J, Mège RM, Sobel A (2004) Clustering of cellular prion protein induces ERK1/2 and stathmin phosphorylation in GT1-7 neuronal cells Febs. Letters 576:114–118

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordstrom E, Fisone G, Kristensson K (2009) Opposing effects of ERK and p38-JNK MAP kinase pathways on formation of prions in GT1-1 cells Faseb. J Off Publ Fed Am Soc Exp Biol 23:613

    Google Scholar 

  • Prusiner SB (1998) Nobel lecture: prions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:13363–13383

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reinisch VM, Krause DL, Müller N (2014) Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. In: Peterson P, Toborek M (eds) Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Springer, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Rocha NP, Scalzo PL, Barbosa IG, Souza MS, Morato IB, Vieira ÉL, Christo PP, Teixeira AL, Reis HJ (2014) Cognitive status correlates with CXCL10/IP-10 levels in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsons Dis 2014:903796

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Saas P, Boucraut J, Quiquerez AL, Schnuriger V, Perrin G, Desplat-Jego S, Bernard D, Walker PR, Dietrich PY (1999) CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) as a receptor governing astrocyte apoptotic or inflammatory responses: a key role in brain inflammation? J Immunol 162:2326–2333

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santos VS, Goletti D, Kontogianni K, Adams ER, Molina-Moya B, Dominguez J, Crudu V, Martins-Filho PR, Ruhwald M, Lawson L, Bimba JS (2017) Acute phase proteins and IP-10 as triage tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol 264:2053–2067

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz J, Schwarz A, Neidhold S, Burwinkel M, Riemer C, Simon D, Kopf M, Otto M, Baier M (2004) Role of interleukin-1 in prion disease-associated astrocyte activation. Am J Pathol 165:671–678

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thackray AM, McKenzie AN, Klein MA, Lauder A, Bujdoso R (2004) Accelerated prion disease in the absence of interleukin-10. J Virol 78:13697–13707

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tribouillard-Tanvier D, Striebel JF, Peterson KE, Chesebro B (2009) Analysis of protein levels of 24 cytokines in scrapie agent-infected brain and glial cell cultures from mice differing in prion protein expression levels. J Virol 83:11244–11253

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Venturelli E, Galimberti D, Fenoglio C, Lovati C, Finazzi D, Guidi I, Corrà B, Scalabrini D, Clerici F, Mariani C, Forloni G (2006) Candidate gene analysis of IP-10 gene in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett 404:217–221

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Völkel D, Zimmermann K, Zerr I, Lindner T, Bodemer M, Poser S, Schwarz HP (2001) C-reactive protein and IL-6: new marker proteins for the diagnosis of CJD in plasma? Transfusion 41:1509–1514

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Zhang BY, Zhang J, Xiao K, Chen LN, Wang H, Sun J, Shi Q, Dong XP (2016) Treatment of SMB-S15 cells with resveratrol efficiently removes the PrPSc accumulation in vitro and prion infectivity in vivo. Mol Neurobiol 53:5367–5376

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weissmann C (1994) Molecular biology of prion diseases. Trends Cell Biol 4:10–14

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wesa A, Galy A (2002) Increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhanced T cell responses after activation of human dendritic cells with IL-1 and CD40 ligand. BMC Immunol 3:14

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao K, Zhang BY, Zhang XM, Wang J, Chen C, Chen LN, Lv Y, Shi Q, Dong XP (2016) Re-infection of the prion from the scrapie-infected cell line SMB-S15 in three strains of mice, CD1, C57BL/6 and Balb/c. Int J Mol Med 37:716–726

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Xie WL, Shi Q, Zhang J, Zhang BY, Gong HS, Guo Y, Wang SB, Xu Y, Wang K, Chen C, Liu Y (2013) Abnormal activation of microglia accompanied with disrupted CX3CR1/CX3CL1 pathway in the brains of the hamsters infected with scrapie agent 263K. J Mol Neurosci 51:919–932

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang YT, Jin S (2018) Effect of PrP105-132 on the secretion of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 from microglial cells in vitro. Exper Ther Med 15:999–1004

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan W, Xu W, Li Y, Jiang W, Li Y, Huang Q, Chen B, Wu S, Wang Y, Song W, Zhao W (2019) TAZ sensitizes EGFR wild-type non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib by promoting amphiregulin transcription. Cell Death Dis 10:283

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81772197, 81401670 and 81630062), the Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RC330004), National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC1200305Y), National Science and Technology Major Project of China (2018ZX10102001), SKLID Development Grant (2019SKLID401 and 2016SKLID603) and the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (C2018044).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Jia Chen and Cao Chen have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163000, China

    Jia Chen, Hai-Yan Wu & Zhi-Bao Chen

  2. State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100000, China

    Jia Chen, Cao Chen, Chao Hu, Lian Liu, Ying Xia, Lin Wang, Wei Yang, Wei Zhou, Kang Xiao, Qi Shi, Yuezhang Wu & Xiao-Ping Dong

  3. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China

    Cao Chen, Chao Hu, Wei Zhou, Kang Xiao, Qi Shi & Xiao-Ping Dong

  4. Center for Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100000, China

    Xiao-Ping Dong

  5. Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430000, China

    Cao Chen & Xiao-Ping Dong

  6. China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100000, China

    Xiao-Ping Dong

  7. College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163000, China

    Lian Liu, Ying Xia, Lin Wang & Wei Yang

Authors
  1. Jia Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Cao Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chao Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Lian Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ying Xia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Lin Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Wei Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Hai-Yan Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Wei Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Kang Xiao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Qi Shi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Yuezhang Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Zhi-Bao Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Xiao-Ping Dong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

JC and CC performed most of the experiments and drafted the manuscript. JC and WZ carried out the Western blot and Luminex assay. JC and CH performed ELISA. JC, YZW and LL carried out the IHC, JC and YX carried out the real-time PCR and digital PCR. CC, QS, KX and ZBC performed the statistical analysis. CC, ZBC and XPD conceived of the study and finalized the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Cao Chen, Zhi-Bao Chen or Xiao-Ping Dong.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Animal and Human Rights Statement

All procedures were approved and supervised by the Ethical Committee of the National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC. Usage of stored human CSF samples in the Center of Chinese CJD Surveillance System has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 222 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chen, J., Chen, C., Hu, C. et al. IP10, KC and M-CSF Are Remarkably Increased in the Brains from the Various Strains of Experimental Mice Infected with Different Scrapie Agents. Virol. Sin. 35, 614–625 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-020-00216-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-020-00216-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation