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Effects of Rate-Shaped and Multiple Injection Strategies on Pollutant Emissions, Combustion Noise and Fuel Consumption in a Low Compression Ratio Diesel Engine

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Abstract

An experimental investigation has been carried out to highlight the effects of different injection strategies on the performance and emissions of a low compression ratio Euro 5 diesel engine operated with high EGR rates. Rate-shaped main injections, achieved with piezoelectric and solenoid injectors by means of boot and injection fusion, respectively, as well as optimized multiple injection patterns have been compared. The results of the comparisons, performed with reference to a state-of-the-art double pilot-Main (pM) strategy, are presented in terms of engine-out exhaust emissions, combustion noise (CN) and fuel consumption. Rate-shaped main injections, when included in delayed multiple injection patterns, have shown a minor influence on reducing NOx, while a slight deterioration in soot has been found. Both a double pilot and a boot injection schedule have been able to reduce CN at low loads. A higher reduction in CN has been obtained with an injection fusion event. Finally, DoE optimized triple and quadruple injection strategies have led to improved soot-NOx trade-offs, with respect to the pM calibration. In fact, splitting the injection helps to entrain air inside the fuel plumes, thus creating locally leaner mixture (less prone to forming soot) and allowing increasing the EGR rates (reducing NOx formation).

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Abbreviations

aTDC:

after top dead center

bM :

rate-shaped (boot) main injection (obtained with DAP injectors)

bMa :

rate-shaped (boot) main and after injection strategy (obtained with DAP injectors)

bmep :

brake mean effective pressure

bsfc :

brake specific fuel consumption

bTDC:

before top dead center

CA:

crank angle (degree)

CN:

combustion noise

DAP:

direct acting piezoelectric

DOC:

diesel oxidation catalyst

DoE:

design of experiment

DPF:

diesel particulate filter

DT:

dwell time

ECU:

electronic control unit

EGR:

exhaust gas recirculation

HC:

unburned hydrocarbons

HRR:

heat release rate

IAP:

indirect acting piezoelectric

IAS:

indirect acting solenoid

ID:

ignition delay

imep :

indicated mean effective pressure

LTC:

low temperature combustion

m:

mass

MFB50:

angle at which 50% of the combustion mixture has burned

n :

engine speed

NEDC:

new European driving cycle

NOx :

nitrogen oxides

OEM:

original equipment manufacturer

p :

pressure

pbM :

pilot and rate-shaped (boot) main injection strategy (obtained with DAP injectors)

pbMa :

pilot, rate-shaped (boot) main and after injection strategy (obtained with DAP injectors)

PCCI:

premixed charge compression ignition

PM:

particulate matter

pM :

pilot and main injection strategy

pMa :

pilot, main and after injection strategy

pmM :

pilot and rate-shaped main injection strategy (with injection fusion)

ppM :

double pilot and main injection strategy

ppMa :

double pilot, main and after injection strategy

q:

fuel injected quantity

SOC:

start of combustion

SOI:

electrical start of injection

T :

temperature

TCHA :

charging time of the DAP injector needle

TDC:

top dead center

Texh :

exhaust gas temperatures

THLD :

holding time of the DAP injector needle

XEGR :

mass fraction of exhaust gas recirculation

ø:

equivalence ratio

Aft:

after injection

b:

burned gas

Boot:

boot injection

exh:

exhaust gas

int:

intake gas

Main:

main injection

max:

maximum value

Pil,1:

pilot injection closer to the main

Pil,2:

pilot injection further from the main

Rail:

fuel common rail

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Energy Department, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, 10129, Italy

    Stefano d’Ambrosio, Alessandro Ferrari, Alessandro Mancarella & Antonio Mittica

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  1. Stefano d’Ambrosio
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  2. Alessandro Ferrari
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  3. Alessandro Mancarella
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  4. Antonio Mittica
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Correspondence to Stefano d’Ambrosio.

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d’Ambrosio, S., Ferrari, A., Mancarella, A. et al. Effects of Rate-Shaped and Multiple Injection Strategies on Pollutant Emissions, Combustion Noise and Fuel Consumption in a Low Compression Ratio Diesel Engine. Int.J Automot. Technol. 21, 197–214 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-020-0020-0

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