Abstract
Two wheel vehicles (scooters and motorcycles) make up 74% of the vehicle population in India. An experimental study has been conducted to assess and compare the particulate emissions from several two wheelers and passenger car in a typical Indian fleet. The vehicles, including four 4-stroke, two 2-stroke two-wheelers, and one gasoline-LPG bi-fuel passenger cars, were tested on a chassis dynamometer using the Indian Driving Cycle. A differential mobility spectrometer was employed to measure the particle size distribution in real-time in the range of 5 nm to 560 nm. Particulate size distributions from the two-wheelers were typically bi-modal. The count median diameter with 4-stroke two wheelers was observed in the range of 26 nm to 48 nm. The number and mass emission factors ranged between 9.5 × 1012 km−1 to 1.3 × 1013 km−1 and 0.80 mg/km to 40 mg/km; respectively. In the case of 2-stroke two wheelers, it was observed that not only the count median diameter is 3 times larger compared to 4-strokes, but also 2-stroke vehicles produce 5 times more particles in term of number and about 60 times more particles in terms of mass. The 2-stroke and 4-stroke two wheelers produced particulate emissions (both in terms of number and mass), which were higher than a gasoline and a LPG passenger vehicle operating on the same driving cycle.
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Momenimovahed, A., Olfert, J.S., Checkel, M.D. et al. Real-time driving cycle measurements of ultrafine particle emissions from two wheelers and comparison with passenger cars. Int.J Automot. Technol. 15, 1053–1061 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-014-0109-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-014-0109-4