Abstract
This study presents a detailed investigation of diesel vehicle emissions utilizing chassis dynamometer testing. The recruited vehicle fleet consists of 15 in-use diesel vehicles, spanning a wide range of emission standards, engine sizes, weight, model year, etc. The real-time emission concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx), total hydrocarbons (THC), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and the mass of particulate matter (PM) collected on filters are measured and used to calculate the vehicle emission factors (EFs) under various driving conditions. Results show that in general EFs of NOx, CO, THC, and PM of the recruited fleet span a wide range of values (NOx 0.80 ± 0.34 to 60.28 ± 2.94 g kg−1; THC 0.10 ± 0.04 to 5.28 ± 1.28 g kg−1; CO below detection limits to 24.01 ± 8.48 g kg−1; PM below detection limits to 2.47 ± 1.22 g kg−1). Further data analysis shows that the implementation of a higher emission standard has a significant effect on reducing the emission of pollutants, except for NOx. Driving conditions are also important factors affecting the EFs. Besides, statistical analysis shows a significant correlation between EFs of NOx with the testing weight and the maximum engine power of the vehicle. Further investigation is recommended to explore the effect of maintenance of the vehicles to the vehicular emission.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Armas O, García-Contreras R, Ramos Á (2012) Pollutant emissions from engine starting with ethanol and butanol diesel blends. Fuel Process Technol 100:63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.03.003
Bielaczyc P, Merkisz J, Pielecha J (2001) Investigation of exhaust emissions from DI diesel engine during cold and warm start. SAE paper 2001-01-1260. https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-1260
Bishop GA, Schuchmann BG, Stedman DH, Lawson DR (2012) Multispecies remote sensing measurements of vehicle emissions on Sherman Way in Van Nuys, California. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 62:1127–1133. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2012.699015
Dardiotis C, Martini G, Marotta A, Manfredi U (2013) Low-temperature cold-start gaseous emissions of late technology passenger cars. Appl Energy 111:468–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.04.093
Dwyer H, Ayala A, Zhang S, Collins J, Huai T, Herner J, Chau W (2010) A study of emissions from a Euro 4 light duty diesel vehicle with the European particulate measurement programme. Atmos Environ 44(29):3469–3476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.028
EIA (2019) Transportation sector energy consumption. https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/pdf/transportation.pdf. Accessed 21 July 2019
Entwistle MR, Gharibi H, Tavallali P, Cisneros R, Schweizer D, Brown P, Ha S (2019) Ozone pollution and asthma emergency department visits in Fresno, CA, USA, during the warm season (June–September) of the years 2005 to 2015: a time-stratified case-crossover analysis. Air Qual Atmos Health 12:661–672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00685-w
Fontaras G, Franco V, Dilara P, Martini G, Manfredi U (2014) Development and review of Euro 5 passenger car emission factors based on experimental results over various driving cycles. Sci Total Environ 468-469:1034–1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.043
HKEPD (2017) Emission trend (1997–2015). http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/air/data/emission_inve.html . Accessed 1 September 2017
HKEPD (2019) Air quality statistics. https://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/air/data/aq_stat.html. Accessed 21 July 2019
Ho KF, Ho SSH, Lee SC, Cheng Y, Chow JC, Watson JG, Louie PKK, Tian L (2009) Emissions of gas- and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Shing Mun Tunnel, Hong Kong. Atmos Environ 43(40):6343–6351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.09.025
Huang Y, Ng ECY, Zhou JL, Surawski NC, Chan EFC, Hong G (2018a) Eco-driving technology for sustainable road transport: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 93:596–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.030
Huang Y, Organ B, Zhou JL, Surawski NC, Hong G, Chan EFC, Yam YS (2018b) Remote sensing of on-road vehicle emissions: mechanism, applications and a case study from Hong Kong. Atmos Environ 182:58–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.03.035
Huang Y, Ng ECY, Yam YS, Lee CKC, Surawski NC, Mok WC, Organ B, Zhou JL, Chan EFC (2019a) Impact of potential engine malfunctions on fuel consumption and gaseous emissions of a Euro VI diesel truck. Energy Convers Manag 184:521–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.01.076
Huang Y, Organ B, Zhou JL, Surawski NC, Yam YS, Chan EFC (2019b) Characterisation of diesel vehicle emissions and determination of remote sensing cutpoints for diesel high-emitters. Environ Pollut 252:31–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.130
Huang Y, Surawski NC, Organ B, Zhou JL, Tang OHH, Chan EFC (2019c) Fuel consumption and emissions performance under real driving: comparison between hybrid and conventional vehicles. Sci Total Environ 659:275–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.349
Huo H, Yao Z, Zhang Y, Shen X, Zhang Q, He K (2012) On-board measurements of emissions from diesel trucks in five cities in China. Atmos Environ 54:159–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.068
Khan ABMS, Clark NN, Thompson GJ, Wayne WS, Gautam M, Lyon DW, Hawelti D (2006) Idle emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles: review and recent data. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 56(10):1404–1419. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2006.10464551
Korhonen A, Lehtomäki H, Rumrich I, Karvosenoja N, Paunu VV, Kupiainen K, Sofiev M, Palamarchuk Y, Kukkonen J, Kangas L, Karppinen A, Hänninen O (2019) Influence of spatial resolution on population PM2.5 exposure and health impacts. Air Qual Atmos Health 12:705–718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00690-z
Lee SC, Cheng Y, Ho KF, Cao JJ, Louie PKK, Chow JC, Watson JG (2006) PM1.0 and PM2.5 characteristics in the roadside environment of Hong Kong. Aerosol Sci Technol 40:157–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820500494544
Liu JC, Peng RD (2018) Health effect of mixtures of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and fine particulates in 85 US counties. Air Qual Atmos Health 11:311–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-017-0544-2
Miller J, Bowman C (1989) Mechanism and modelling of nitrogen chemistry in combustion. Prog Energy Combust Sci 15(4):287–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-1285(89)90017-8
Musculus MPB (2004) On the correlation between NOx emissions and the diesel premixed burn. SAE paper 2004-01-1401. https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-1401
Ning Z, Wubulihairen M, Yang F (2012) PM, NOx and butane emissions from on-road vehicle fleets in Hong Kong and their implications on emission control policy. Atmos Environ 61:265–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.047
Rahman S, Masjuki H, Kalam M, Abedin M, Sanjid A, Sajjad H (2013) Impact of idling on fuel consumption and exhaust emissions and available idle-reduction technologies for diesel vehicles – a review. Energy Convers Manag 74:171–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.05.019
Rappengluck B, Lubertino G, Alvarez S, Golovko J, Czader B, Ackermann L (2013) Radical precursors and related species from traffic as observed and modeled at an urban highway junction. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 63(11):1270–1286. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2013.822438
Shah S, Cocker D, Miller J, Norbeck J (2004) Emission rates of particulate matter and elemental and organic carbon from in-use diesel engines. Environ Sci Technol 38(9):2544–2550. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0350583
Tang S, LaDuke G, Whitby R, Li M, Mazurek M (2008) Comparison of regulated and PM2.5 EC/OC emissions from light-duty gasoline, diesel and CNG vehicles over different driving cycles. SAE Int J Fuels Lubr 1(1):1290–1306. https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-1745
UNECE (2011) Regulation No. 83. Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to the emission of pollutants according to engine fuel requirements. In: Addendum 82: Regulation No. 83, Revision 4. UNECE - United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Geneva, Switzerland
Wang X, Westerdahl D, Hu J, Wu Y, Yin H, Pan X, Zhang KM (2012) On-road diesel vehicle emission factors for nitrogen oxides and black carbon in two Chinese cities. Atmos Environ 46:45–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.033
Weilenmann M, Soltic P, Saxer C, Forss A, Heeb N (2005) Regulated and nonregulated diesel and gasoline cold start emissions at different temperatures. Atmos Environ 39(13):2433–2441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.081
Weiss M, Bonnel P, Hummel R, Provenza A, Manfredi U (2011) On-road emissions of light-duty vehicles in Europe. Environ Sci Technol 45:8575–8581. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2008424
Weiss M, Bonnel P, Kühlwein J, Provenza A, Lambrecht U, Alessandrini S, Carriero M, Colombo R, Forni F, Lanappe G, Le Lijour P, Manfredi U, Montigny F, Sculati M (2012) Will Euro 6 reduce the NOx emissions of new diesel cars? – insights from on-road tests with portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS). Atmos Environ 62:657–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.08.056
Yanowitz J, Graboski M, Ryan L, Alleman T, McCormick R (1999) Chassis dynamometer study of emissions from 21 in-use heavy-duty diesel vehicles. Environ Sci Technol 33(2):209–216. https://doi.org/10.1021/es980458p
Yanowitz J, McCormick R, Graboski M (2000) In-use emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles. Environ Sci Technol 34(5):729–740. https://doi.org/10.1021/es990903w
Yao Z, Wu B, Wu Y, Cao X, Jiang X (2015) Comparison of NOx emissions from China III and China IV in-use diesel trucks based on on-road measurements. Atmos Environ 123:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.056
Zervas E, Bikas G (2008) Impact of the driving cycle on the NOx and particulate matter exhaust emissions of diesel passenger cars. Energy Fuel 22(3):1707–1713. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef700679m
Zheng X, Zhang S, Wu Y, Zhang K, Wu X, Li Z, Hao J (2017) Characteristics of black carbon emissions from in-use light-duty passenger vehicles. Environ Pollut 231:348–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.002
Funding
The work described in this paper was supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong SAR, China (UGC/FDS25/E06/15).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 134 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, B., Lau, YS., Huang, Y. et al. Investigation of factors affecting the gaseous and particulate matter emissions from diesel vehicles. Air Qual Atmos Health 12, 1113–1126 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00729-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00729-1